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Kawaii redirects here. For the manufacturer of musical instruments, see Kawai; for the Hawaiian island, see Kauai.

Since the 1970s, cuteness (可愛さ, kawaisa^?) has become a prominent aspect of Japanese popular culture, entertainment, clothing, food, toys, personal appearance, behavior, and mannerisms. Foreign observers often find this cuteness intriguing and sometimes strange because the Japanese employ it in a vast array of situations and demographics where, in other cultures, it would be considered incongruously juvenile or frivolous (for example, in government publications, public service warnings, office environments, military advertisements, and commercial airliners, among many others).

Contents 1 Prevalence 2 Perception in Japan 3 Influence on other cultures 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Other references

Cute elements can be found almost everywhere in Japan, from big business to corner markets, national government to ward and town offices.^[1][2] Many companies, large and small, use cute mascots to present their wares and services to the public. For example:

• Pikachu, a character from Pokémon, adorns the side of three All Nippon Airways passenger jets
• Conan, protagonist of series Detective Conan
• Asahi Bank used Miffy, a character from a Dutch series of children's picture books, on some of its ATM cards
• Monkichi, a cute monkey character, can be found on the packaging for a line of condoms^[3]
• All 47 prefectures have cute mascot characters
• The Japan Post "Yū-Pack" mascot is a stylized mailbox.^[4]
• The Japan Post also uses other cute mascot characters, for example on stamps.
• Some police forces in Japan have their own moe mascots, which sometimes adorn the front of koban (police boxes).

Cute merchandise is extremely popular in Japan. The two largest manufacturers of such merchandise are Sanrio (manufacturers of "Hello Kitty") and San-X (manufacturers of "Kogepan", "Nyan Nyan Nyanko" and "Rilakkuma"). This character merchandise is a hit with Japanese children and adults alike.^[5][6]

Cute can be also used to describe a specific fashion sense^[7][8] of an individual, and generally includes clothing that appears to be made for young children, outside of the size, or clothing that accentuates the cuteness of the individual wearing the clothing. Ruffles and pastel colors are commonly (but not always) featured, and accessories often include toys or bags featuring anime characters.^[9]

As a cultural phenomenon, cuteness is increasingly accepted in Japan as a part of Japanese culture and national identity. Tomoyuki Sugiyama, author of "Cool Japan", believes that "cuteness" is rooted in Japan's harmony-loving culture, and Nobuyoshi Kurita, a sociology professor at Musashi University in Tokyo, has stated that "cute" is a "magic term" that encompasses everything that's acceptable and desirable in Japan.^[10]

On the other hand, those skeptical of cuteness consider it a sign of an infantile mentality.^[10] In particular, Hiroto Murasawa, professor of beauty and culture at Osaka Shoin Women’s University asserts that cuteness is "a mentality that breeds non-assertion ... Individuals who choose to stand out get beaten down."^[10]

Cute merchandise and products are especially popular in other parts of east Asia, such as China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea.^[11][12] While many of these products are imports from Japan, indigenous creations have also appeared. "Supercute" things have become so synonymous with Japan that many people often mistake non-Japanese creations (Such as the Thailand made Pok-Pong) to be Japanese in origin.^{[citation needed]}

In some Asian and western cultures, the Japanese word for cute (kawaii, 可愛い) has joined a number of other Japanese words borrowed by overseas fans of Japanese pop culture. While the usage is almost entirely limited to the otaku subculture, it has been used by American singer Gwen Stefani, who gave kawaii a brief mention in her Hollaback Girl music video.^[13]

The influence of cuteness and manga has also been adopted by several North American businesses.

• Japanese popular culture
• Japanese fashion
• Kobe Collection
• Beauty
• Chibi
• Bishōjo
• Super deformed
• Cuteness
• Lolita fashion
• Moe (slang)
• Wabi-sabi
• Figure moe zoku
• OS-tan

• Asia Times: The cat who turned kawaii into cash (book review)
• Backwash.com: Grrl Wanders
• Kawaii-Inc.: For cute graphics

• Chanpon: Hello Kitty has no mouth
• The FRUiTS of Japanese Fashion: Reading Resistance on the Streets of Harajuku
• International Herald Tribune: Tokyo's fantasy cafés
• New York Times: The Cute Factor
• Sociologist Sharon Kinsella's analysis of the origins of kawaii
• Taipei Times: How 'kawaii'!
• Time Asia: Young Japan: She's a material girl
• Kawaii Culture (a regular column at Tokyopop)
• UCLA: Anime's 'Transnational Geekdom'
• What is the effect of the Fantabulous Kawaii Gizmos, Wireless Privacy Daemons & Orientalism
• Japanese Cybercultures
• Shiokawa, Kanako. "Cute But Deadly: Women and Violence in Japanese Comics". Themes and Issues in Asian Cartooning: Cute, Cheap, Mad and Sexy. Ed. John A. Lent. Bowling Green, Kentucky: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1999. 93–125. ISBN 0-87972-779-9.
• "You are doing burikko!:Censoring/scrutinizing artificers of cute femininity in Japanese," Laura Miller in Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People, edited by Janet Shibamoto Smith and Shigeko Okamoto, Oxford University Press, 2004. In Japanese.
• TheAge.Com: "Japan smitten by love of cute"
• Love for cute has Japan engrossed in soul-searching on kitty, beauty, art