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Joan Whitney Payson (February 5, 1903 – October 4, 1975) was an American heiress, businesswoman, philanthropist, patron of the arts and art collector, and a member of the prominent Whitney family.

Joan Whitney was born in New York City, New York, the daughter of Payne Whitney and Helen Hay and brother to John Hay Whitney. She inherited a trust fund from her grandfather, William C. Whitney and on her father's passing in 1927, she received a large part of the family fortune.

She married lawyer and businessman Charles Shipman Payson, a native of Maine and a graduate of Yale University and Harvard Law School. Her husband was a Board member of Pepperdine University and together they provided the funds to build the university's library that was named for them. Named in honor of her mother, in 1943 Joan Whitney Payson established and endowed the Helen Hay Whitney Foundation for medical research.

An avid art collector, she purchased a variety of artwork but favored Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works with her collection containing watercolors, drawings and paintings. She owned numerous pieces including those by James McNeill Whistler, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Gustave Courbet, Maurice Prendergast, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Honoré Daumier, Joshua Reynolds, Claude Monet, Henri Rousseau, Jan Provost, Édouard Manet, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Paul Cézanne, Henri Matisse, and Alfred Sisley. Payson was also a strong supporter of American artists, acquiring works by Thomas Eakins, Arthur B. Davies, Andrew Wyeth and John Singer Sargent. Payson donated significant works to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City where the "Joan Whitney Payson Galleries" can be found.

Joan Whitney Payson was a sports enthusiast who was a minority shareholder in the old New York Giants Major League Baseball club. She voted against transferring the team to San Francisco, California in 1957 but after the majority of the shareholders approved the move, Ms. Payson sold her stock and began working to get a replacement team for New York City. In 1961, she was the co-founder and majority owner of the New York Mets and served as the team's president from 1968-1975. Active in the affairs of the baseball club, she was much admired by the team's personnel and players. She was inducted posthumously into the Mets' Hall of Fame in 1981. She was also the first woman to be a majority owner of a team in a major North American sports league.

She also inherited her father and grandfather's love of thoroughbred horse racing. Following her father's death, her mother took over management of his Greentree Stable, an equestrian estate and horse racing stable in Saratoga Springs, New York, and the Greentree breeding farm in Lexington, Kentucky. In partnership with her brother, Joan Whitney operated the highly successful business, winning numerous important Stakes races including the Kentucky Derby twice, the Preakness Stakes once, and the Belmont Stakes four times.

Joan Whitney Payson died in New York City in 1975. She is buried in the Pine Grove Cemetery, in Falmouth, Maine.

Her heirs sold their stock in the New York Mets in January of 1980 as well as Greentree Farm. In 2005, the equestrian property in Saratoga Springs was put up for sale with an asking price of $19 million. In 1991, son John Whitney Payson permanently installed the Joan Whitney Payson Collection in the Portland Museum of Art in Portland, Maine where the Charles Shipman Payson Building cornerstones the Museum and is home to seventeen paintings by Winslow Homer he donated. The Joan Whitney Payson Collection is on loan to Colby College for one semester every two years and regular educational tours of parts of the collection are offered to institutions throughout the United States.