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John Lennon
Background information
Birth name	John Winston Lennon
Born	9 October 1940(1940-10-09) Liverpool, England
Died	8 December 1980 (aged 40) New York City, New York, United States
Genre(s)	Rock, pop, experimental
Occupation(s)	Singer-songwriter, Musician, Poet, Artist, Peace activist
Instrument(s)	Guitar, Harmonica, Piano, Organ, Mellotron, Harmonium
Years active	1957 – 1975, 1980
Label(s)	Parlophone, Capitol, Apple, Vee-Jay, EMI, Geffen
Associated acts	The Beatles Plastic Ono Band The Dirty Mac
Website	JohnLennon.com
Notable instrument(s)
Rickenbacker 325 Epiphone Casino Gibson J-160E Les Paul Junior

John Ono Lennon (born John Winston Lennon), MBE (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980), was an English songwriter, singer, musician, graphic artist, author and peace activist who gained worldwide fame as one of the founders of The Beatles. Lennon and Paul McCartney formed a critically acclaimed and commercially successful partnership writing songs for The Beatles and other artists.^[1] Lennon, with his cynical edge and knack for introspection, and McCartney, with his storytelling optimism and gift for melody, complemented each other.^[2] In his solo career, Lennon wrote and recorded songs such as "Imagine" and "Give Peace a Chance".

Lennon revealed his rebellious nature and irreverent wit on television, in films such as A Hard Day's Night (1964), in books such as In His Own Write, and in press conferences and interviews. He channelled his fame and penchant for controversy into his work as a peace activist, artist, and author.

He had two sons, Julian, with his first wife Cynthia, and Sean, with his second wife, avant-garde artist Yoko Ono. Lennon was murdered by Mark David Chapman in New York City on 8 December 1980 as he and Ono returned home from a recording session.

In 2002, respondents to a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted Lennon into eighth place. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Lennon number 38 on their list of "The Immortals: The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time"^[3][4] and ranked The Beatles at number 1.

Contents 1 Early years: 1940-1957 2 1957-1960: The Quarrymen and the Silver Beetles 3 1960-1970: The Beatles 4 1970-1975: Solo career 5 1980: Starting over 6 Political and lifestyle controversies 6.1 Christianity 6.2 Political activism and the deportation battle 6.3 Recreational drug use 6.4 Meditation 6.5 Primal therapy 6.6 Humour 6.7 Writing and art 7 Personal life 7.1 Cynthia and Julian Lennon 7.2 Yoko Ono 7.3 House-husband 8 Death 9 Memorials and tributes 9.1 Other tributes 10 Pseudonyms 11 Awards 11.1 With The Beatles 11.2 Solo career 12 Discography 13 Song samples 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links

Early years: 1940-1957

Main articles: Julia Lennon, Alf Lennon, Mimi Smith, and George Smith (John Lennon)

John Winston Lennon was born on 9 October 1940, in the Oxford Street Maternity Hospital in Liverpool, to Julia Lennon (née Stanley) and Alfred "Freddie" Lennon,^[5] during the course of a German air raid in World War II.^[6] He was named after his paternal grandfather, John 'Jack' Lennon, and Winston Churchill.^[6] Freddie was a merchant seaman during World War II, and sent regular pay cheques to Julia, who was living with Lennon in 9 Newcastle Road, Liverpool, although the cheques stopped when Freddie went AWOL.^[7][8] When Freddie eventually came home in 1944, he offered to look after Julia and Lennon, but Julia rejected him.^[9] After considerable pressure from her sister, Mary "Mimi" Smith—who contacted Liverpool's Social Services—Julia handed the care of Lennon over to Mimi.^[10] In July 1946, Freddie visited Mimi and took Lennon to Blackpool, secretly intending to emigrate to New Zealand with him.^[11] Julia found out and found them, and after a heated argument Freddie made the five-year-old Lennon choose between Julia or him. Lennon chose Freddie (twice) and then Julia walked away, but Lennon, crying, followed her. Freddie then lost contact with the family until Beatlemania, when father and son met again.^[12]

Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence, Lennon lived with his 'Auntie Mimi' and her husband George Smith (who had no children of their own) in a middle class area of Liverpool at 'Mendips' (251 Menlove Avenue). Mimi bought volumes of short stories, and George, who was a dairyman at a local farm, engaged Lennon in solving crossword puzzles and bought him a harmonica.^[13][11] Julia Lennon visited 'Mendips' almost every day and Lennon often visited her at 1 Blomfield Road, Liverpool. Julia taught Lennon how to play the banjo, and played Elvis Presley's records to him.^[14][15]

Lennon was raised as an Anglican, and attended Dovedale County Primary School until he passed his Eleven-Plus exam.^[16][17] From September 1952 to 1957, he attended the Quarry Bank Grammar School in Liverpool, where he was known as a "happy-go-lucky" pupil, known for drawing comical cartoons and making fun of his teachers by mimicking their odd characteristics.^[18][19][20]

Julia bought Lennon his first guitar in 1957; a Gallotone Champion acoustic. It was an inexpensive model that was "guaranteed not to split", but she insisted it be delivered to her house and not Mimi's.^[21] Mimi hoped that Lennon would soon grow bored with music, as she was sceptical of Lennon's claim that he would be famous one day, and often told him, "The guitar's all very well, John, but you'll never make a living out of it."^[22] On 15 July 1958, when Lennon was 17, Julia was killed on Menlove Avenue — close to Mimi's house, when struck by a car driven by an off-duty police officer.^[23][24] Her death was a factor in Lennon's friendship with McCartney, who had lost his own mother to breast cancer in 1956.^[25]

Lennon failed all his GCE O-level examinations, and was only accepted into the Liverpool College of Art with help from his school's headmaster and Mimi. Lennon met his future wife there, Cynthia Powell, when Lennon was a Teddy Boy.^[26] Lennon was often disruptive in class, and most teachers refused to have him as a student.^[27] He also picked on anyone who was in any way different, using his quick wit and sense of humour to bully them.^[28] Lennon failed his annual Art College exams despite help from Powell, and dropped out before the last year of college.^[29]

1957-1960: The Quarrymen and the Silver Beetles

Main articles: The Quarrymen, Lennon/McCartney, and Jim and Mary McCartney

Lennon started The Quarrymen, a skiffle band, in March 1957, while attending Quarry Bank Grammar School.^[30] Their first engagement was on 9 June 1957 at an audition for impresario Carroll Lewis, known as "Mr. Star-Maker."^[31] A few weeks later, on 6 July 1957, Lennon and The Quarrymen met guitarist Paul McCartney at the Woolton Garden fête held at St. Peter's Church.^[32] McCartney's father later allowed the Quarrymen to rehearse in his front room at 20 Forthlin Road.^[33][34] During their early friendship Lennon encouraged McCartney to steal cigarettes, sweets, or books from shops,^[35] and they found a shared interest in playing jokes on the other band members and on their teachers.^[18] It was around this time that Lennon and McCartney started writing songs with each other and separately. The first song that John completed was "Hello Little Girl" when he was eighteen years old. This later became a hit for the Fourmost.

McCartney convinced Lennon to allow George Harrison to join the Quarrymen - although Lennon considered Harrison to be too young - after Harrison played at a rehearsal in March 1958.^[36] Harrison joined the group as lead guitarist,^[37] and Stuart Sutcliffe (Lennon's art school friend) later joined as bassist.^[38] The band soon switched to playing rock 'n' roll, using the name 'Johnny and the Moondogs', but Lennon found it too musically associated with skiffle.
In mid-1958, the Quarrymen made their first recording: a cover of That'll Be The Day by Buddy Holly and a McCartney-Harrison original called In Spite Of All The Danger.

In 1960, the band changed its name five times. Stuart Sutcliffe suggested 'the Beetles' as a form of tribute to Buddy Holly and The Crickets, which he and Lennon then thought of changing to the 'Beatals'. They changed their name again to the 'Silver Beats', The Silver Beetles, and the 'Silver Beatles', but Lennon shortened it to The Beatles, to avoid being introduced as "Long John Silver of the Silver Beatles", which was too similar to 'Johnny and the Moondogs'. After a tour with Johnny Gentle in Scotland,^[39][40] they changed their name to the 'Beatles'.^[41]

Lennon was considered the leader of The Beatles, as he founded the original group. McCartney said, "We all looked up to John. He was older and he was very much the leader - he was the quickest wit and the smartest and all that kind of thing."^[42][43]

1960-1970: The Beatles

Main articles: The Beatles, The Beatles discography, Pete Best, and Brian Epstein

Allan Williams started to manage The Beatles in May 1960 after they had played in his Jacaranda club.^[44] A few months later he booked them into Bruno Koschmider's Indra club in Hamburg, Germany.^[45][46] Mona Best ran the Casbah Club in the basement of her home in Liverpool, where The Beatles often played in 1959, and Mona's son Pete Best joined The Beatles on drums as soon as their first Hamburg season was confirmed.^[47][48] Aunt Mimi was horrified when Lennon told her about Hamburg. She pleaded with him to continue his studies, but was ignored.^[49] The Beatles first played at the Indra^[46] club - sleeping in small, dirty rooms in the Bambi Kino - and after the closure of the Indra moved to the larger Kaiserkeller^[46][50] In October 1960, they left Koschmider's club and worked at the "Top Ten Club", which was run by Peter Eckhorn.^[51][52] Koschmider reported McCartney and Best for arson after the two attached a condom to a nail in the 'Bambi' and set fire to it.^[53] They were deported, as was George Harrison for working under-age.^[54] Days later Lennon's work permit was revoked and he went home by train, but Sutcliffe had tonsillitis and flew home.^[55] When Lennon got back to 'Mendips', his Aunt Mimi threw a cooked chicken (that Lennon had bought for her) and a hand-mirror at him for spending money on a leather coat for Cynthia Powell (John's girlfriend, and later his wife) whom she referred to as "a gangster's moll".^[56]

In December 1960, The Beatles reunited, and on 21 March 1961, they played their first concert at Liverpool's Cavern club.^[57][58] They went back to Hamburg in April 1961, and recorded 'My Bonnie' with Tony Sheridan.^[59] Sutcliffe stayed with Astrid Kirchherr when it was time to go home, so McCartney took over bass.^[60] When Lennon was nearly 21 in October 1961, his Aunt Mater (who lived in Edinburgh) gave him 100 pounds, which he spent on a holiday to Paris with McCartney.^[61] Julia Baird—Lennon's half-sister—refutes this, saying that the money came from Lennon's mother's insurance policy, which was to be paid out to her children when they were 21-years-old. Julia and Jackie—second half-sister—also received money when they reached the age of 21.^[62]

Brian Epstein first saw The Beatles in the Cavern Club on 9 November 1961, and later signed them to a management contract.^[63] The Beatles were driven to London by their road manager, Neil Aspinall, on 31 December 1961 and auditioned the next day for Decca Records, who rejected them.^[64] In April 1962 they returned to Hamburg to play at the Star-Club, but they learned that Stuart Sutcliffe had died a few hours before they arrived.^[65] This was another shock for Lennon, after losing Uncle George and Julia.^[65]

They finally signed a record contract on 9 May 1962, with Parlophone Records,^[66] after having been turned down by many labels.^[64] "Love Me Do" was released on 5 October 1962,^[66] featuring Lennon on harmonica and McCartney singing solo on the chorus line.^[67]

All Lennon-McCartney songs on the first pressing of Please Please Me album (recorded in one day on 11 February 1963)^[68] as well as the single "From Me to You", and its B-side, "Thank You Girl", are credited to "McCartney-Lennon", but this was later changed to "Lennon-McCartney".^[69] They usually needed an hour or two to finish a song, most of which were written in hotel rooms after a concert, at Wimpole Street, at Cavendish Avenue,^[70] or at Kenwood (John Lennon's house).^[71]

The Beatles decided to stop touring after their San Francisco concert in 1966, and never performed a scheduled concert again.^[72]

Lennon was not the first member to quit the group, but he did in September 1969 (Starr had left during 1968, but was persuaded to return; Harrison stated he was "leaving the band" on 10 January 1969 during the rehearsal sessions for Let It Be, but returned after negotiations at two business meetings).^{[citation needed]} Lennon agreed not to make an announcement while the band renegotiated their recording contract, and blasted McCartney months later (with the negotiations complete) for going public with his own departure in April 1970.^{[citation needed]}

Phil Spector's involvement in trying to revive the Let It Be material then drove a further wedge between Lennon (who supported Spector) and McCartney (who opposed him).^{[citation needed]} Lennon told Rolling Stone, "I was a fool not to do what Paul did, which was use it to sell a record," and later wrote, "I started the band. I finished it."^[73] Though the split would only become legal some time later, Lennon's and McCartney's partnership had come to a bitter end. McCartney made a press announcement, declaring he had quit The Beatles. McCartney later admitted Lennon had been the first to quit, re-explaining the circumstances to CBS-TV's 48 Hours in 1989.

In 1970, Jann Wenner recorded an interview with Lennon that was played on BBC in 2005. The interview reveals his bitterness towards McCartney and the hostility he felt that the other members held towards Yoko Ono. Lennon said: "One of the main reasons The Beatles ended is because ... I pretty well know, we got fed up with being sidemen for Paul. After Brian Epstein died we collapsed. Paul took over and supposedly led us. But what is leading us when we went round in circles? Paul had the impression we should be thankful for what he did, for keeping The Beatles going. But he kept it going for his own sake."^[74]

1970-1975: Solo career

Further information: John Lennon discography

Lennon had a varied recording career. Whilst still a Beatle, Lennon (along with Ono) recorded three albums of experimental music, Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins, Unfinished Music No.2: Life with the Lions, and Wedding Album. His first 'solo' album of popular music was Live Peace in Toronto 1969, recorded prior to the breakup of The Beatles, at the Rock 'n' Roll Festival in Toronto with The Plastic Ono Band. He also recorded three solo singles: the anti-war anthem "Give Peace a Chance", the heroin withdrawal report "Cold Turkey", and "Instant Karma!". Following The Beatles' split in 1970 Lennon released the John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band album. The song "God" lists people and things Lennon no longer believed in - ending with "Beatles". The album also included "Working Class Hero" which was banned from the airwaves of radio stations like WBCN for its use of the word "fucking".^[75]

The album Imagine followed in 1971, and its title song soon became an anthem for anti-religion and anti-war movements. The song's video was filmed during Lennon's "white period" (white clothes, white piano, white room, and the like). He wrote "How Do You Sleep?" as an attack against McCartney, with George Harrison on slide guitar,^[76] but later claimed that it was about himself.^[77] On August 31 1971, Lennon left England for New York, never to return.

Some Time in New York City (1972) was loud, raucous, and explicitly political, with songs about prison riots, racial and sexual relations, the British role in Northern Ireland, and his own problems in obtaining a United States Green Card. Lennon had been interested in left-wing politics since the late 1960s, and was said to have given donations to the Trotskyist Workers Revolutionary Party.^[78] In 1972 Lennon released "Woman Is the Nigger of the World", which drew parallels between exploitation of women and discrimination against blacks. Radio stations refused to broadcast the song and it was banned nearly everywhere, though he managed to play it to television viewers during his second appearance on The Dick Cavett Show.^[79]

December of 1971 saw the release of Happy Xmas (War Is Over), which Lennon had recorded with Yoko Ono and others in October of that year. Both a holiday song and anti-war protest song, the track features a chorus of children from the Harlem Community Choir.

On 30 August 1972 Lennon and his backing band, Elephant's Memory, staged two benefit concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York. These were to be his last full-length concert appearances. Bob Gruen, the Lennons' "official" photographer since 1971, captured images from these shows. Lennon and Ono also did a week-long guest/co-hosting the Mike Douglas Show.^[80]

Following Lennon's depression over the poor-selling Some Time In New York City album and Nixon's re-election as president (which would insure the continuance of Lennon's immigration problems),^{[original research?]} Lennon and Ono decided to separate. He moved to California and embarked on a period he would later dub his "lost weekend" (despite the fact that it lasted approximately eighteen months). At Ono's suggestion he took May Pang along as his assistant and his lover during this period.^[81]

Lennon released Mind Games in November 1973, which was credited to "the Plastic U.F.Ono Band". It was the first solo album produced by Lennon with no input from Yoko. He wrote "I'm the Greatest" for Ringo Starr's album Ringo, and recorded his own version of the song (which appears on the John Lennon Anthology). Because of his excessive drinking, Lennon's behavior during this period was notoriously bad. ^[82]

In March 1974, during a jam session known as "The Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour," a most interesting lineup participated in what can be described as a "very loose" studio hour unfolded. The session, captured on tape and later released as a bootleg A Toot and a Snore in '74, featured Lennon on guitar and vocals, Harry Nilsson, Stevie Wonder, Jesse Ed Davis, Bobby Keys, Linda McCartney on keyboards and May Pang on tambourine. Paul McCartney played drums and the bass player was producer Ed Freeman^{[citation needed]}. This was the one and only time Lennon and McCartney played together after the Beatles' split. Lennon also produced Too Many Cooks with Mick Jagger on lead vocals, which was released on Mick Jagger's Greatest Hits album in 2007.

Lennon and Pang moved back to New York in May 1974 and he released Walls and Bridges in September. The album, which featured a duet with Elton John on Lennon's only #1 hit single (in his lifetime) "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night", went to the #1 spot on the charts. Another hit from the album was "#9 Dream" which features a vocal from Pang. Bob Gruen took the photos for the elaborate album package on the balcony of Lennon and Pang's E52nd Street apartment. He also took his iconic photo of Lennon wearing a New York City t-shirt (which Gruen had given Lennon the year before) on this same day.

During this period, Lennon also produced Harry Nilsson's Pussy Cats album, and re-recorded his Beatle classic "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" with Elton John. David Bowie achieved his first U.S. #1 hit in 1975 with "Fame", co-written with Lennon (who contributed vocals and guitar) and Carlos Alomar.^[83] Lennon also re-recorded Across the Universe with Bowie at this January, 1975 session.

In February 1975, Lennon rush-released his Rock 'n' Roll album of classic oldies, to combat an illegal mail-order version, John Lennon Sings The Great Rock N Roll Hits: ROOTS, issued by Morris Levy on his Adam VIII label. This "simple, straightforward" album, begun in Los Angeles in December 1973, became the most complex and storied of Lennon's career, complicated by the unpredictable Phil Spector's involvement as producer and by several legal battles^{[citation needed]}. It was ultimately completed with the same musicians from Walls and Bridges in October, 1974.

Lennon made a surprise guest appearance in November 1974 at an Elton John concert in Madison Square Garden where they performed "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night" and "I Saw Her Standing There" together. It was to be his last-ever major concert appearance. Coincidentally, Yoko Ono happened to be in attendance. Following this performance, George Harrison came to New York for his Dark Horse tour. Lennon planned to join him on stage as well, but the pair had a major disagreement over Lennon not signing the Beatles dissolution agreement at New York's Plaza Hotel on December 19 (at a meeting in which McCartney was also present). Lennon travelled to Florida with Pang and son Julian for the Christmas holidays where he eventaully signed the papers legally dissolving The Beatles partnership in the unlikely backdrop of Disneyworld.

In January, 1975, Lennon and Pang planned to visit Paul and Linda McCartney in New Orleans where the McCartneys were recording their "Venus And Mars" album. Lennon wanted to write a song with McCartney and spring it on the world unannounced. On the weekend of February 1, 1975, Lennon returned to live with Yoko Ono, who soon became pregnant with their first child^{[citation needed]}.

Lennon made his last public musical appearance on ATV's 18 April 1975 special A Salute to Lew Grade, performing "Imagine," and "Stand By Me" (which was cut from the televised edition) and "Slippin' and Slidin'" from his Rock 'n' Roll LP. Lennon's backup band was BOMF (also known as "Etc." that evening) and the band members were clad in two-faced masks, which were digs at Grade, with whom Lennon and McCartney had been in conflict over his previous control of The Beatles' publishing concerns.^[84] Dick James had sold his majority share in Maclen Music (Lennon's and McCartney's publishing company) to Grade in 1969. During "Imagine," Lennon interjected the line "and no immigration too" - a reference to his battle to remain in the United States.

On 9 October 1975 – Lennon's 35th birthday – his son Sean Ono Lennon was born, and Lennon retired from the music business to care for him^{[citation needed]}.

1980: Starting over

After five years of being a "househusband," raising Sean and baking bread, Lennon emerged from retirement in 1980. He wrote an impressive amount of material during a lengthy vacation in Bermuda in May, and, with Yoko Ono, released a "comeback" album, Double Fantasy. It was a concept album, featuring alternating songs from Lennon and Ono, which focused on their relationship. The name came from a species of freesia Lennon saw at the Bermuda Botanical Gardens; he liked the name and thought it was a perfect description of his marriage to Yoko^{[citation needed]}.

The Lennons once again began a series of interviews and video footage to promote the album. Although Lennon would say he had not touched a guitar for five years, several of the tunes, such as "(Just Like) Starting Over" and "Watching the Wheels", had been worked on at home in The Dakota in various stages with different lyrics from 1977 onward^{[citation needed]}. "As (Just Like) Starting Over" began climbing the singles charts, Lennon began planning their next album, Milk and Honey, and a world tour to follow^{[citation needed]}.

In these same interviews, Lennon expressed his displeasure with the scant credit he was given as an influence on George Harrison in the latter's autobiography, I Me Mine. According to Ono, he was also unhappy that McCartney's Beatles songs, such as "Yesterday", "Hey Jude" and "Let It Be" were more covered than his own contributions.

In a 1980 Playboy interview Lennon claimed that some of his Beatles songs were subconsciously sabotaged, and that the group put more work into and paid more attention to McCartney's songs, whereas with his they tended to experiment.^[85] In the same interview, Lennon was ambivalent about his time with The Beatles and the group's legacy and was not interested in talking about them any more than he would about old high school buddies.^[85] He was prompted that there was considerable speculation about whether The Beatles were now "dreaded enemies or the best of friends." He replied that they were neither, and that he had not seen any of The Beatles for "I don't know how much time."^[85] He also said that the last time he had seen McCartney they had watched the episode of Saturday Night Live where Lorne Michaels made his $3000 cash offer to get The Beatles to reunite on the show.^[86] The two had seriously considered going to the studio to appear on the show for a joke, but were too tired.^[87] This event was fictionalized in the 2000 television film, Two of Us.

Political and lifestyle controversies

Lennon's humour was often quoted during his time with The Beatles, but he later rejected the idea of being a "lovable mop-top" and concerned himself with drug experimentation, meditation, therapy cures, world peace, and was active for a range of anti-government causes.

Christianity

On 4 March 1966, Lennon was interviewed for the London Evening Standard by his friend Maureen Cleave and made an off-the-cuff remark regarding Christianity.^[88]

"Christianity will go. It will vanish and shrink.... I don't know what will go first, rock 'n' roll or Christianity. We're more popular than Jesus now. Jesus was all right, but his disciples were thick and ordinary. It's them twisting it that ruins it for me."

The article was printed and nothing came of it — until five months later, when an American teen magazine called Datebook reprinted part of the quote on its front cover.^[89]

A firestorm of protest erupted across the American Bible Belt in the South and Midwest, as conservative groups staged public burnings of Beatles records and memorabilia. (The Beatles at first viewed this in a wry way, saying, "They've got to buy them first before they burn 'em.") Many radio stations banned Beatles music, and some concert venues cancelled performances.

On 11 August 1966, The Beatles held a press conference in Chicago, in order to address the growing controversy.^{[citation needed]}

Lennon: I suppose if I had said television was more popular than Jesus, I would have got away with it, but I just happened to be talking to a journalist friend, and I used the words "Beatles" as a remote thing, not as what I think — as Beatles, as those other Beatles, like other people see us. I just said "they" are having more influence on kids and things than anything else, including Jesus. But I said it in that way, which is the wrong way.

Reporter: Some teenagers have repeated your statements — "I like The Beatles more than Jesus Christ." What do you think about that?

Lennon: Well, originally I pointed out that fact in reference to England. That we meant more to kids than Jesus did, or religion at that time. I wasn't knocking it or putting it down. I was just saying it as a fact, and it's true more for England than here. I'm not saying that we're better or greater, or comparing us with Jesus Christ as a person or God as a thing, or whatever it is. I just said what I said and it was wrong. Or it was taken wrong. And now it's all this.

Reporter: But are you prepared to apologise?

Lennon: I wasn't saying whatever they're saying I was saying. I'm sorry I said it really. I never meant it to be a lousy anti-religious thing. I apologise if that will make you happy. I still don't know quite what I've done. I've tried to tell you what I did do, but if you want me to apologise, if that will make you happy, then OK, I'm sorry.

The Vatican accepted his apology, but the Southern Baptist Convention did not.^[90] Lennon wrote later, "I always remember to thank Jesus for the end of my touring days; if I hadn't said that The Beatles were 'bigger than Jesus' and upset the very Christian Ku Klux Klan, well, Lord, I might still be up there with all the other performing fleas! God bless America. Thank you, Jesus."^[91]

Political activism and the deportation battle

"Give Peace a Chance", recorded in 1969 at the height of the Vietnam War, marked Lennon’s transformation from mop-top to anti-war activist, and began a process that culminated in 1972, when the Nixon Administration sought to silence him by ordering him deported from the US.

The Vietnam War mobilised a great many young people to take a stand opposing US government policy, but few pop stars joined them: antiwar protest was more common among folk musicians like Phil Ochs, Joan Baez and Bob Dylan (the British musician Donovan was a notable exception).

Lennon, however, was determined to use his power as a superstar to help end the war, especially after he left The Beatles and teamed up with Yoko. The couple declared their honeymoon at the Amsterdam Hilton, in March 1969, a "bed-in for peace," winning world-wide media coverage. At a second "bed-in" in Montreal, in June 1969, they recorded "Give Peace a Chance" in their hotel room.

The song quickly became the anthem of the anti-war movement, and was sung by as many as half a million demonstrators in Washington, D.C. at the second Vietnam Moratorium Day, in November 1969. They were led by the renowned folk singer Pete Seeger, who interspersed phrases like, "Are you listening, Nixon?" and "Are you listening, Agnew?", between the choruses of protesters singing, "All we are saying ... is give peace a chance".^[92]

When Lennon and Ono moved to New York City in August 1971, they became friends with antiwar leaders Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman, and others, and planned a national concert tour to coincide with the 1972 presidential election. It would have been the first U.S. tour by any of the ex-Beatles since the Beatles' performance at Candlestick Park in San Francisco at the end of their 1966 tour. But it would not have been the usual rock tour. 1972 was the first year 18-year-olds had been given the right to vote in the U.S., and Lennon wanted to help persuade young people to register to vote and to vote against the war — which meant voting against Nixon. Thus, the planned tour was to combine rock music with anti-war organising and voter registration.

The Nixon Administration found out about Lennon's plans from an unlikely source: Republican Senator Strom Thurmond, who suggested in a February 1972 memo that "deportation would be a strategic counter-measure." The next month the Immigration and Naturalization Service began deportation proceedings against Lennon, arguing that his 1968 misdemeanour conviction for cannabis possession in London had made him ineligible for admission to the U.S. Lennon spent the next two years in and out of deportation hearings and constantly under a 60-day order to leave the country, which his attorney managed to get extended repeatedly.

The 1972 concert tour never happened, but Lennon and his friends did put on the "Free John Sinclair" concert in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in December 1971. Sinclair was a local antiwar activist and poet who was serving ten years in state prison for selling two joints of marijuana to an undercover cop. Lennon and Ono appeared on stage (in his first live appearance since The Beatles' breakup) along with Phil Ochs, Stevie Wonder and other musicians, plus antiwar radical Jerry Rubin and Bobby Seale of the Black Panthers. Lennon performed the song, "John Sinclair", which he had just written, calling on the authorities to "Let him be, set him free, let him be like you and me." Some 20,000 people attended the rally, and two days after the concert, the State of Michigan released Sinclair from prison. (A bootleg recording of the live performance circulated for years, but was later released on the 2-CD John Lennon Anthology [1998], and the album, Acoustic [2004]). Lennon performed the song on the David Frost Show accompanied by Ono and Jerry Rubin.

While his deportation battle was going on, Lennon spoke out against the Vietnam War - appearing at rallies in New York City and on TV shows, including a week hosting the Mike Douglas Show in February 1972, where Jerry Rubin and Bobby Seale appeared as his guests. He was tailed by a team of FBI agents, who concluded, "Lennon appears to be radically oriented however he does not give the impression he is a true revolutionist since he is constantly under the influence of narcotics."^{[citation needed]}

Nixon left the White House after the Watergate scandal, and Lennon won his green card in 1975. After Lennon’s murder, historian Jon Wiener filed a Freedom of Information request for FBI files on Lennon. The FBI admitted it had 281 pages of files on Lennon, but refused to release most of them, claiming they were national security documents. In 1983, Wiener sued the FBI with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California. The case went to the Supreme Court before the FBI settled in 1997 — releasing all but ten of the contested documents.^[93][94] The story is told in the documentary The U.S. vs. John Lennon, by David Leaf and John Scheinfeld, released in theatres in September 2006 and on DVD in February 2007. The final ten documents in Lennon's FBI file were finally released in December 2006.^[95] and are available on the web.^[96]

Lennon had planned a return to activism on December 14, 1980, when he and Ono were scheduled to travel to San Francisco and protest for migrant workers' rights.

Recreational drug use

Although drinking beer was commonplace in Liverpool, Lennon was first given drugs in Hamburg, Germany.^[97] The Beatles had to play long sets, and were often given "Prellies" (Preludin) (slimming pills) by customers or by Astrid Kirchherr, whose mother bought them for her.^[97] McCartney would usually take one, but Lennon would often take four or five.^[97] He later took amphetamines called 'Black Bombers' and 'Purple Hearts'.^[98]

The Beatles first smoked cannabis with Bob Dylan in New York in 1964,^[99] Dylan mistakenly interpreted the lyric "I can't hide" from "I Want to Hold Your Hand" as "I get high", so he presumed that the Beatles were already familiar with the drug. McCartney remembered all of The Beatles being "very high" and laughing a lot.^[100]

Lennon largely abandoned his leadership role under the influence of LSD and Timothy Leary's book The Psychedelic Experience, believing he needed to "lose his ego" to become enlightened.^{[citation needed]} His drug experiences, which his first wife Cynthia did not want to join him in were also a major factor in their divorce. He later dabbled in heroin and wrote about its effects in the song "Cold Turkey".^[101]

Meditation

On 24 August 1967, Lennon met the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton, and later went to Bangor, in North Wales, to attend a weekend of personal instruction with The Beatles.^[102] The time Lennon later spent in India at the Maharishi's ashram (with Cynthia) was highly productive, as practically all of the songs that would later be recorded for The White Album and Abbey Road were composed there by Lennon, McCartney, or both together.^[103] Although later turning against the Maharishi, Lennon still advocated meditation when interviewed.^[104]

Primal therapy

In 1970, Lennon (and Yoko Ono) went through Primal therapy with Dr. Arthur Janov, in Los Angeles, California, though he ended the sessions before completing a full course of therapy.^[105] The influence of the therapy, which consists in part of screaming out the depths of one's emotional pain, is apparent in many of the songs on his album, John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, including "Mother" ("Mama don't go!! / Daddy come home!!"), "Remember", "Isolation", "I Found Out", "My Mummy's Dead", and "Well Well Well".

Lennon's song, "God", opens with the simple observation that "God is a concept... by which we measure... our pain." The middle section, in which he dramatically names people and things he no longer believes in — such as Bible, Jesus, Kennedy, Buddha, and yoga — ends with an emphatic, "Beatles". Lennon's political radicalisation is evident in the song "Working Class Hero", whose lyrics also show traces of Primal therapy all the way through, beginning with, "As soon as you're born they make you feel small ... 'Til the pain is so big you feel nothing at all."

Lennon's Imagine album also featured songs that were influenced by Primal Therapy. "How?", a song that includes lines like, "How can I feel love, when love is something I ain't never had?", and "Oh My Love", which includes lines like, "Oh My Love for the first time in my life... my mind can feel," were both inspired in part by Lennon's Primal experience. "Crippled Inside", which is a continuation of the themes of "Working Class Hero" and "God", is a direct reference to those who are not "feeling" people.

Humour

Each of The Beatles was known, especially during Beatlemania, for his sense of humour. Lennon's style of humour was always to combine the normal with the absurd, and then make it appear as just a normal comment. After Starr said, "It's been a hard day's (work) night", Lennon laughed, but then turned it into a song.

During live performances of "I Want to Hold Your Hand", Lennon often changed the words to "I want to hold your gland", because of the difficulty hearing the vocals above the noise of screaming audiences. In his appearance in the Rolling Stones' Rock and Roll Circus film, he further punned on the song's title while bantering with Mick Jagger by referring to "I Want to Hold Your Man," a reference to the Lennon-McCartney song "I Wanna Be Your Man" which was recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1963.

Lennon's humour showed through in many television appearances, most memorably in an early edition of The Morcambe and Wise show with the rest of The Beatles, and an appearance on Not Only But Also, where he played a doorman at a gents' toilet.

Lennon's humour also showed up often in The Beatles' music and in his solo work. For instance, during the aborted Get Back sessions, he was recorded introducing "Dig a Pony" by shouting, "I dig a pygmy by Charles Hawtrey and the Deaf Aids, phase one in which Doris gets her oats!" The phrase was later edited to precede the first song on Let It Be, the McCartney-penned "Two of Us".

It was Lennon who, at the Royal Variety Show in 1963, in the presence of members of the British royalty, told the audience, "Those of you in the cheaper seats can clap your hands. The rest of you, if you'll just rattle your jewellery."^[106]

Lennon's humor was apparent during The Beatles' first American press conference, immediately after they stepped off the plane in February 1964:

Reporter: "Will you please sing something for us?"
Lennon: "No, we need money first."

Reporter: "What is it about your music that excites people so much?"
Lennon: "If we knew, we'd form another group and be managers."

Once, in an elevator of a hotel in New York where they were staying, Brian Epstein asked Lennon what a good title would be for the autobiography he was planning to write. He answered: "How about Queer Jew?" Epstein was extremely upset by his remark. ^[107] Later, when Lennon learned that the title of the book would be A Cellarful of Noise, John said to a friend: "More like A Cellarful of Boys." In his early years Lennon also liked to make fun of "cripples" and people who were disfigured.^[107]

When Lennon once had put on a lot of weight after a time period when he was drinking heavily around 1965, he said, "I was eating and drinking like a pig, and I was fat as a pig, dissatisfied with myself, and subconsciously I was crying for help. It was my fat-Elvis period."^[108]

Lennon's partnership in songwriting with McCartney involved him — many times — in opposing McCartney's upbeat, positive outlook, with a sarcastic counter-point, as seen, for example, in "Getting Better":

McCartney: I've got to admit it's getting better, a little better all the time.

Lennon: Can't get no worse.^[109]

The Beatles often made fun of George Martin, as they once sang "tit-tit-tit", as backing vocals instead of "dit-dit-dit" on the 1965 song "Girl" from the LP Rubber Soul. When Martin (who was upstairs in the control room and could not see them) asked, "Boys, was that dit, or... tit?" "It was dit, George", Lennon replied, as the others doubled up in silent laughter. They thought of George Martin (who was always dressed in a suit and tie) as being part of the establishment and therefore open to jokes, but never ridicule.^{[citation needed]}

Writing and art

Lennon started writing and drawing early in life, with encouragement from his Uncle George (Mimi's husband).^[110] He often drew caricatures of his school teachers; when he attended art school he penned love poems to Cynthia Lennon on scraps of paper, once writing, "Our first Christmas, I love you, yes, yes, yes."^[111]

Lennon even created his own comic strip, which he called "The Daily Howl". This contained drawings, frequently of crippled people, and satirical writings, often with a play on words. For example, in one page, Lennon wrote a weather report saying that "Tomorrow will be Muggy, followed by Tuggy, Wuggy and Thuggy."^[112]

When Liverpool's Mersey Beat magazine was founded, Lennon was often asked to contribute. His first piece was about the origins of The Beatles and contained the line, "A man appeared on a flaming pie, and said you are Beatles with an 'A'."^[113]

Books written by Lennon, or with contributions. Some were published posthumously. The first three works here are generally considered to be unique examples of literary nonsense.

• John Lennon (1964), In His Own Write.
• John Lennon (1965), A Spaniard in the Works.
• John Lennon (1986), Skywriting by Word of Mouth. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-015676-7
• John Lennon (1992), Ai: Japan Through John Lennon's Eyes: A Personal Sketchbook. Cadence Books. ISBN 0-929279-78-6 - Lennon's familiar drawings illustrating definitions of Japanese words.
• John Lennon (1999), Real Love: The Drawings for Sean. New York: Random House Books for Young Readers. ISBN 0-375-80174-X
• The Beatles Anthology. - includes writings, drawings, and interview transcripts by Lennon

Personal life

In one of his last major interviews, conducted in September 1980,^[85] Lennon said that he'd always been very macho and had never questioned his chauvinistic attitudes towards women until he met Ono. Lennon was always distant with his first son (Julian) but was very close to his second son (Sean), and called him "my pride". Near the end of his life, he had embraced the role of househusband and even said that he had taken on the role of wife and mother in their relationship.^[114]

Cynthia and Julian Lennon

Main article: Cynthia Lennon

Cynthia Powell met Lennon at the Liverpool Art College in 1957.^[26] After hearing Lennon comment favourably about another girl who looked like Brigitte Bardot,^[115] Powell changed the colour of her hair to blonde.^[116] Their relationship started after a college party before the summer holidays when Lennon asked Cynthia to go a pub with him and some friends.^[117] At this point Cynthia was already engaged to another man, a fact which she brought up when Lennon asked her to dance. Lennon replied, "I didn't ask you to fucking marry me, did I?" and stormed off.^[118]Although Lennon ignored her for the rest of the party, he talked to her as she was ready to leave, and then grabbed her hand and took her to a room Stuart Sutcliffe was renting,^[119] where they had sex.^[120] If Sutcliffe's room was not available, they often had sex in alleyways or shop doorways, but Cynthia didn't enjoy those "snatched encounters".^[111] Lennon's jealousy could manifest itself in cruel and aggressive behaviour towards Cynthia,^[121] as when Lennon slapped her across the face (knocking her head against the wall) the day after he saw her dancing with Stuart Sutcliffe.^[122] Cynthia broke up with Lennon for three months, but resumed their relationship after Lennon's profuse apology.^[123] Cynthia visited Lennon in Hamburg for two weeks in 1960, but in 1961 Lennon left her at home and went to Paris with McCartney for a holiday.^[61]

In mid-1962, Cynthia discovered she was pregnant.^[124] Lennon proposed marriage, but when he told Mimi she screamed and raged at Lennon to stop him from going through with it.^[125] Lennon and Cynthia were married on 23 August at the Mount Pleasant Register office in Liverpool. Mimi did not attend.^[126]

On April 8, 1963, John Charles Julian Lennon was born in Sefton General Hospital. John did not see Julian until a week after he was born because of commitments with The Beatles. The birth of John's son and his marriage to Cynthia was kept secret from the public, due to Brian Epstein's insistence that it would harm John's image with The Beatles' female fans.

According to Cynthia, in a 1995 interview, there were problems throughout their marriage because of the pressures of The Beatles' fame and rigorous touring, and because of Lennon's increasing use of drugs.^[127] Their marriage all but came to an end when Cynthia came back from a holiday in Greece with friends to find that John and Yoko had been in bed together. John did not deny the fact but when Cynthia left for a while he phoned her and said "I can't understand why you went off".^[128] Cynthia found out about the definite end of their marriage when John refused to go on a family holiday with them and was later shown in a newspaper making his affair with Yoko public. To make matters worse Lennon sent a mutual friend to Italy to inform her that he was going to take their child and force her to leave their home. He also arranged for divorce, stating that she was the one who had committed adultery, not him..^[129] In the ensuing court case Lennon refused to give his wife anymore than £75,000, telling her "What have you done to deserve it? Christ, it's like winning the bloody pools".^[130] In the end, she got £100,000 plus £2,400 a year, custody of Julian and the house.

Lennon was distant to his son, Julian, who felt closer to McCartney than to him. The younger Lennon later said, "I've never really wanted to know the truth about how dad was with me. There was some very negative stuff talked about me ... like when he said I'd come out of a whiskey bottle on a Saturday night. Stuff like that. You think, where's the love in that? Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit ... more than dad and I did. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad." When Lennon moved to New York in 1971, Julian did not see him until 1973. After encouragement from May Pang, it was finally arranged for Julian to visit John and her in Los Angeles^{[citation needed]}. After this point, Julian started to see his father more regularly, and played drums on "Ya Ya" from Lennon's 1974 album, Walls and Bridges.^[131] Lennon also bought Julian a Gibson Les Paul guitar for Christmas in 1973 and encouraged his growing interest in music.^[132]

Lennon was quoted as saying: "Sean was a planned child, and therein lies the difference. I don't love Julian any less as a child. He's still my son, whether he came from a bottle of whiskey or because they didn't have pills in those days. He's here, he belongs to me, and he always will."^{[citation needed]}

According to Cynthia, after the break-up with John, McCartney visited Cynthia and jokingly suggested marriage, reportedly saying, "How's about you and me, Cyn?"^[133]

In an interview shortly before his death, Lennon said he was trying to re-establish a connection with the then 17-year-old Julian, and confidently predicted that "Julian and I will have a relationship in the future."^[134]

Both Julian and Sean Lennon went on to have recording careers years after their father's death.

Yoko Ono

Main article: Yoko Ono

On 9 November 1966, after The Beatles' final tour and just after he had finished filming How I Won the War, Lennon visited an art exhibit of Yoko Ono's at the Indica gallery in Mason's Yard, London, and he was introduced to her by John Dunbar.^[135][136] Lennon began his relationship with Ono in May 1968, after returning from India. Cynthia filed for divorce later that year, on the grounds of John's adultery with Ono which was evidenced by the latter's pregnancy and miscarriage of their son.

At the end of 1968, Lennon performed as part of Dirty Mac on the Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus. The supergroup, made up of Lennon, Eric Clapton, Keith Richards and Mitch Mitchell also backed Ono during the show. During Lennon's last two years in The Beatles, he spent much of his time with Ono partaking in public protests against the Vietnam War. Lennon sent back his MBE insignia, which Queen Elizabeth bestowed during the height of Beatlemania, "in protest against Britain's involvement in the Nigeria-Biafra thing [a reference to the Nigerian civil war of 1967-70], its support of America in Vietnam, and 'Cold Turkey' slipping down the charts." (Return of the insignia did not formally negate his appointment to the Order.)

On 14 March, as Lennon and Ono were being driven to Mimi's house, in Poole, Dorset, they asked if it was possible to get "married at sea".^[137] On 20 March 1969, they were married in Gibraltar, and spent their honeymoon in Amsterdam in a "Bed-In" for peace. Behind their bed were posters that displayed the words "Hair Peace. Bed Peace." They held another "Bed-In", in Montreal, at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel, where they recorded "Give Peace a Chance", which became an anthem for the peace movement. They were mainly patronised as a couple of eccentrics by the media, yet they did a great deal for the peace movement, as well as for feminism and racial harmony. Lennon and Ono often combined advocacy with performance art, as in their "Bagism" introduced during a Vienna press conference. Shortly after, Lennon changed his name to John Ono Lennon. Lennon wrote "The Ballad of John and Yoko" about his marriage and the subsequent press coverage it generated.

The failed Get Back/Let It Be recording/filming sessions did nothing to improve relations within the band. After both Lennon and Ono were injured in the summer of 1969 in a car accident in Scotland, Lennon arranged for Ono to be constantly with him in the studio (including having a full-sized bed rolled in) as he worked on The Beatles' last album, Abbey Road. While the group managed to hang together to produce one last acclaimed musical work, soon thereafter business issues related to Apple Corps came between them.

House-husband

On 9 October 1975 — John Lennon's 35th birthday — Yoko Ono gave birth to a son, Sean Ono Lennon, after having suffered three miscarriages of babies fathered by John. Regretful of the limited relationship he had with first son, Julian, Lennon decided to retire from music so he could dedicate himself to family life: he thus became a house husband. Deeply aware, after his experience of Primal therapy, of the crucial importance of the parent-child bond, he devoted his energies to nurturing young Sean in every possible way. He also made a point of learning how to bake a loaf of bread, an accomplishment which he proudly showed off to visitors.

In 1976, Lennon's U.S. immigration status was finally resolved favourably, after a years-long battle with the Nixon administration that included an FBI investigation — a full-scale effort involving surveillance, wiretaps, and agents following Lennon around as he travelled. Lennon insisted that the investigation was politically motivated, a claim that was later proven true. With the departure of Nixon from the White House, the administration of his successor, Gerald Ford, showed little interest in continuing the battle.

When Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as president on 20 January 1977, Lennon and Ono were invited to attend the Inaugural Ball, signalling the end of hostilities between the U.S. government and Lennon^{[citation needed]}. After that appearance, Lennon was rarely seen in public for the next 3½ years, until his 1980 comeback.

Death

December 8, 1980 was an unusually warm day in New York City. John Lennon was up and about early, first to his favorite haunt, Cafe LaFortuna, for his morning coffee then to the barber before returning home. He would then do an interview for the BBC before a photo shoot with Annie Leibovitz for Rolling Stone magazine.

She had promised Lennon he would make the cover^[138] and she initially tried to get a picture with just Lennon alone. Leibovitz would recall that, "nobody wanted [Ono] on the cover".^[139] When Lennon insisted that both be on the cover Leibovitz then tried to recreate the kissing scene from the Double Fantasy album cover, a picture that she loved.^[139]

“	What is interesting is she said she'd take her top off and I said, 'Leave everything on' ... not really preconceiving the picture at all. Then he curled up next to her and it was very, very strong. You couldn't help but feel that she was cold and he looked like he was clinging on to her[140]... I shot some test Polaroids first and when I showed them to John and Yoko, John said, 'You've captured our relationship exactly. Promise me it'll be on the cover'. I looked him in the eye and we shook on it.[138]	”
—Annie Leibovitz

Around 5 p.m., Lennon and Ono left the Dakota to mix her latest track, "Walking on Thin Ice." As they headed to their limo, they were approached by several people seeking autographs. Among them was a young man later to be identified as Mark David Chapman. Without saying a word, Chapman handed Lennon a copy of Double Fantasy and Lennon happily obliged with an autograph. The man struck Lennon as odd, which prompted Lennon to ask him "Is this all you want?" Chapman meekly replied, "Thank you, John" while photographer and Lennon fan Paul Goresh snapped photos of Lennon signing his soon-to-be killer's album.

The Lennons spent several hours at the studio on West 54th Street before returning to the Dakota at about 10:04 p.m. Lennon decided to forego getting something to eat so he could say goodnight to his five-year-old Sean before he went to sleep.^[141] They exited their limousine on 72nd Street, even though the car could have been driven into the more secure courtyard. Jose Perdomo (the doorman at the entrance), and a cab driver saw Chapman standing in the shadows by the archway. Ono walked in first. Lennon followed and, noticing the strange man still standing in front of the building, began walking faster. Chapman called out, "Mr. Lennon!" As Lennon turned around, Chapman dropped into a "combat stance"^[142] and shot at Lennon five times with hollow point bullets from a Charter Arms .38 revolver. One shot missed, passing over Lennon's head and hitting a window of the Dakota building. Two shots struck Lennon in the left side of his back and two more in his left shoulder. All four wounds caused serious internal damage, and at least one of them fatally pierced Lennon's aorta.

Lennon staggered up four steps to the security/reception area, said, "I'm shot," and collapsed. Concierge Jay Hastings first thought it was a joke, but soon realized that Lennon was dying before his eyes. He summoned police by hitting a silent alarm button and ran out from behind his desk to comfort Lennon and try to keep him focused. Chapman calmly sat down on the sidewalk and waited for the police to arrive. Doorman Pedermo shouted at Chapman, "Do you know what you've done?" before kicking the revolver across the sidewalk. Chapman calmly replied, "I just shot John Lennon."

The first policemen to arrive were Steve Spiro and Peter Cullen, who were at 72nd Street and Broadway when they heard a report of shots fired at the Dakota. The officers found Chapman sitting "very calmly" on the sidewalk. They reported that Chapman had dropped the revolver to the ground, and was holding a paperback book (J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye), and a cassette recorder, along with more than ten audio cassettes, with 14 hours of Beatles' songs on them.

The second team — Officers Bill Gamble and James Moran, who arrived a few minutes later — upon arrival immediately carried Lennon into their squad car and rushed him to Roosevelt Hospital. Officer Moran said they stretched out Lennon (who was "moaning") on the back seat. Moran asked, "Do you know who you are?" Lennon nodded slightly and tried to speak, but could only manage to make a gurgling sound. According to Yoko Ono, he uttered no final words.^[143] Lennon lost consciousness shortly thereafter.

Lennon was pronounced D.O.A. in the Emergency Room at the Roosevelt Hospital at 11:15 p.m. by Dr. Stephen Lynn. The cause of death was reported as hypovolemic shock, after losing more than 80% of blood volume. Dr. Elliott M. Gross (the Chief Medical Examiner) said that no one could have lived more than a few minutes with such multiple bullet injuries. Ono, crying "Oh no, no, no, no...tell me it's not true," was taken to Roosevelt Hospital and led away in shock after she learned that her husband was dead. On December 9th, Ono issued a statement: "There is no funeral for John. John loved and prayed for the human race. Please pray the same for him. Love, Yoko and Sean."^[144]

Shortly after local news stations reported the shooting, people began to gather at Roosevelt Hospital and in front of the Dakota - reciting prayers, singing Lennon's songs and burning candles. The first national transmission of the news across the U.S. was on the fledgling Cable News Network, on which anchorwoman Kathleen Sullivan reported that Lennon had been shot and was en route to a New York hospital (his death had not been confirmed). ABC was in the midst of airing an NFL game between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots. After hearing the news sent by ABC News chief Roone Arledge, sports announcer Howard Cosell (who had interviewed Lennon on Monday Night Football on 9 December 1974) announced the news of Lennon's murder. NBC announced the news during a comedy sketch on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. It was interrupted by an anonymous announcer voicing the news bulletin, and then returned to the sketch.

When reporters cornered Paul McCartney for his reaction, all the obviously shocked Beatle could muster was, "Drag, isn't it?" His response was criticised, but McCartney later stated in a Playboy interview that "I had just finished a whole day in shock and I said, 'It's a drag.' I meant drag in the heaviest sense of the word, you know: 'It's a — DRAG.' But, you know, when you look at that in print, it says, 'Yes, it's a drag.' Matter of fact."

George Harrison went into seclusion in England and issued a statement: "To rob someone of life is the ultimate robbery!" He later released a tribute song, "All Those Years Ago" which featured background vocals from Paul and Ringo. Ringo Starr and his wife, Barbara Bach, flew to New York to comfort Ono. Lennon was cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, and his ashes were returned to Ono.

Chapman was found guilty of second degree murder at his trial the following year and was sentenced to 20 years to life. He is still in prison as of 2007, 27 years since his arrest, having been denied parole four times.^[145][146]

Lennon had a macabre sense of humour about dying, once saying, "We'll either go in a plane crash or we'll be popped off by some loony."^[147] Although Lennon joked about it, several 1960s Beatles concerts in the United States and Canada did have heightened security because of death threats. Also, when Beatles roadie and long-time Friend Mal Evans was killed in Los Angeles in 1976, his ashes were lost en route to England. Lennon suggested they "check the dead letter office."

Memorials and tributes

Main article: List of John Lennon tributes

On 14 December 1980, millions of people across the world responded to Ono's request to pause for ten minutes of silence to remember Lennon. Thirty thousand gathered in Liverpool, and the largest group - over 100,000 - converged on New York's Central Park, close to the scene of the shooting.^[148]

On January 22, 1981, an Annie Leibovitz photo of Lennon, taken on the day he died, appeared on the cover of the Rolling Stone magazine (Issue #335). In October 2005 it was voted their best ever magazine cover. ^[149]

Lennon continues to be mourned throughout the world and has been the subject of numerous memorials and tributes, principally New York City's Strawberry Fields^[150] — a memorial garden area in Central Park, across the street from the Dakota building. Shortly after his death, Yoko Ono donated $1 million for its maintenance.

It has become a gathering place for tributes on Lennon's birthday and on the anniversary of his death, as well as at other times of mourning, such as after the September 11, 2001 attacks and following George Harrison's death on November 29, 2001.

On October 9, 2007, Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono, dedicated a new memorial called the Imagine Peace Tower, located on the island of Videy, off the coast of Iceland. Each year, between October 9 and December 8, it will project a vertical beam of light high into the sky.

Other tributes

“	The killing of John Lennon altered everything... like fifty million other people, I cared about Lennon.	”
—Norman Mailer

Every 8 December, there is a memorial ceremony in front of the Capitol Records building on Vine Street in Hollywood, California. It includes speakers discussing Lennon, and musical tributes.

Various fellow musicians paid tribute to Lennon through songs. George Harrison rewrote "All Those Years Ago" on his 1981 album Somewhere in England, making it a tribute to his fallen former bandmate. Paul McCartney, Linda McCartney and Ringo Starr added vocals and drums to the track, making it a de facto reunion of the surviving Beatles.

Paul McCartney wrote the elegiac, haunting ballad "Here Today" on his 1982 album Tug of War as a way of lamenting the loss of his friend and bandmate.

Paul Simon co-wrote the song "The Late Great Johnny Ace" with Philip Glass as a rumination on Lennon's death and included it on his 1983 album Hearts and Bones.

Queen included the song "Life is Real (Song for Lennon)" on their 1982 album Hot Space.

Elton John mourned the loss of John Lennon in his 1982 hit "Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)", from his Jump Up! album.

Other tributes continued well after Lennon's death. In 1991, Lennon was honoured with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

In 1995, as part of the Beatles Anthology project, the three surviving members produced new versions of two Lennon songs, "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love", using Lennon's demo tapes as a vocal foundation to produce "new Beatles music." The fadeout of "Free as a Bird" features a speeded-up tape loop which ends with a snippet of Lennon's voice saying, "why, thank you, John Lennon."^{[citation needed]}

In 2000, John Lennon Museum was opened in Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Saitama, Japan.

In 2002, Liverpool renamed its airport the Liverpool John Lennon Airport and adopted the motto "Above us only sky". The 25th memorial of John Lennon's death was on 8 December 2005. Celebrations of John Lennon's life and music took place in London, New York City, Cleveland, and Seattle. A tribute concert was held at John Lennon Park at Havana, Cuba, with a special guest appearance by Kents, Luis Molina and X-Alfonso. The minor planet 4147, discovered 12 January 1983 by B. A. Skiff at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory, was named in memory of John Lennon.^[151]

In 1994 the Republic of Abkhazia (an unrecognized state that is officially part of Georgia) issued two postage stamps featuring John Lennon and Groucho Marx, spoofing Abkhazia's communist past. [2] (The stamps would have normally bore the portraits of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin.)

Between September 28 through 30, 2007, musicians, poets, painters, dramatists and others came together to celebrate the "John Lennon Northern Lights Festival" in the village of Durness, Scotland. This cultural event, drawing artists and audiences from across the United Kingdom and around the world, was hosted in the region where Lennon spent Summer holidays as a boy. His cousin, Stanley Parkes, said: "The festival is not remembering John Lennon the pop star, but John the person, the writer and the poet."

The song "Dakota" by Of A Revolution is a tribute to John Lennon. This song was on their 2005 album Stories of a Stranger.

Pseudonyms

Throughout his solo career, Lennon appeared on his own albums (as well as those of other artists like Elton John) under such pseudonyms as Dr Winston O'Boogie, Mel Torment (a play on singer Mel Tormé), and The Reverend Fred Gherkin.^[152] He and Ono (as Ada Gherkin "ate a gherkin", and other sobriquets) also travelled under such names, thus avoiding unwanted public attention.

Lennon also named his session musicians under various different band names during his career, including:

• The Plastic Ono Band (for the Plastic Ono Band album)
• The Plastic Ono Band with the Flux Fiddlers (Imagine)
• The Plastic U.F.Ono Band (Mind Games)
• The Plastic Ono Nuclear Band/Little Big Horns and the Philharmonic Orchestrange (Walls and Bridges)

Awards

With The Beatles

• 1977 BRIT Awards - Outstanding contribution to music during the past 25 years
• 1977 BRIT Awards - Best British group of the past 25 years
• 1977 BRIT Awards - Best British album of the past 25 years (for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band)
• 1983 BRIT Awards - Outstanding contribution to music

Solo career

• 1982 BRIT Awards - Outstanding contribution to music

Discography

For Lennon's solo career's discography, see John Lennon discography. For his works with The Beatles, see The Beatles discography.

Song samples

Many Beatles' songs officially credited to "Lennon-McCartney" are predominantly the work of one or the other. Below are samples for some Beatles songs that were primarily or solely composed by Lennon:

1966

• "Tomorrow Never Knows" (help·info) Wiki-link (song) Tomorrow Never Knows

1967

• "I Am the Walrus" (help·info) Wiki-link (song) I Am the Walrus
• "Strawberry Fields Forever" (help·info) Wiki-link (song) Strawberry Fields Forever

1969

• "Come Together" (help·info) Wiki-link (song) Come Together

• "I Want You" (help·info) Wiki-link (song) I Want You (She's So Heavy)
• "Because" (help·info) Wiki-link (song) Because (The Beatles song)

1970

• "One After 909" (help·info) Wiki-link (song) One After 909

Notes

References

• John Lennon, Yoko Ono, David Sheff and G. Barry Olson (1981), The Playboy interviews with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: Playboy Press/Putnam. ISBN 0-87223-705-2 - includes unpublished conversations and Lennon's song-by-song analysis of his work.
• John Lennon, Jann Wenner (1971), Lennon Remembers: The Complete Rolling Stone Interviews from 1970. Straight Arrow Books. ISBN 1859846009.
• Julia Baird (with Geoffrey Giuliano) (1989), John Lennon My Brother. Grafton Books. ISBN 0-586-20566-7
• Fenton Bresler (1989), The Murder of John Lennon. Mandarin Press. ISBN 0-7493-0357-3
• Ray Coleman (1984), Lennon: the definitive biography. Harper. Four further updated editions, the last being in 2000. ISBN 0-330-48330-7
• Albert Goldman (2001), The Lives of John Lennon. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-399-8
• Larry Kane (2005), Lennon Revealed. Running Press. ISBN 0-7624-2364-1
• Cynthia Lennon (2005), John. Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-307-33855-X
• Elizabeth Partridge (2005), John Lennon: All I Want is the Truth. Viking Juvenile, ISBN 0-670-05954-4
• Nicholas Schaffner (1980), The Beatles Forever. Bookthrift Co. ISBN 0-811-70225-1
• Bob Spitz (2006), The Beatles: The Biography. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 1-84513-160-6
• The Beatles (2003). The Beatles Anthology (DVD). Apple records. ASIN: B00008GKEG (Bar Code: 24349 29699). 
• E. Thomson and D. Gutman (editors) (2004), The Lennon Companion: Twenty-Five Years of the Comment. ISBN 0306812703
• Jon Wiener (1985), Come Together: John Lennon In His Time. Random House.
• Jon Wiener (2000), Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files. Univ. of California Press.

External links

• Official John Lennon website
• The Liverpool Lennons
• BBC Lennon Site
• John Lennon discography at MusicBrainz
• John Lennon at the Internet Movie Database
• John Lennon as an artist
• Lennon FBI files
• John Lennon Discography

v • d • e John Lennon
Studio albums	John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band · Imagine · Mind Games · Walls and Bridges · Rock 'n' Roll
With Yoko Ono	Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins · Unfinished Music No.2: Life with the Lions · Wedding Album · Some Time in New York City · Double Fantasy · Milk and Honey
Live albums	Live Peace in Toronto 1969 · Live in New York City
Compilations	Shaved Fish · The John Lennon Collection · Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon · Peace, Love & Truth · Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon
Posthumous albums	Menlove Ave. · Acoustic · Wonsaponatime
Soundtracks	Imagine: John Lennon · The U.S. vs. John Lennon
Box sets	Lennon · John Lennon Anthology
Books	In His Own Write · A Spaniard in the Works · Skywriting by Word of Mouth
Films	How I Won the War (1967) · Two Virgins (1968) · No. 5 (1968) · Honeymoon (1969) · Rape (1969) · Up Your Legs Forever (1970) · Freedom (1970) · Fly (1970) · Apotheosis (1970) · Erection (1971) · Imagine (1972) · Dynamite Chicken (1972) · Oh! Calcutta! (1972) · Imagine: John Lennon (1988) · The U.S. vs. John Lennon (2006)
Related articles	Discography · The Beatles · Lennon/McCartney · Julia Lennon · Freddie Lennon · Mimi Smith · 251 Menlove Avenue · Cynthia Lennon · Julian Lennon · Yoko Ono · Sean Lennon · David Peel · John Sinclair · Plastic Ono Band · Bagism · Liverpool John Lennon Airport · John Lennon Museum

v • d • e The Beatles
John Lennon · Paul McCartney · George Harrison · Ringo Starr
Management	Allan Williams · Brian Epstein · Allen Klein · Lee Eastman · Neil Aspinall · Peter Brown · Mal Evans · Alistair Taylor · Apple Records
Production	George Martin · Geoff Emerick · Norman Smith · Ken Scott · Phil Spector · Jeff Lynne · Abbey Road Studios
Studio albums	Please Please Me (1963) · With The Beatles (1963) · A Hard Day's Night (1964) · Beatles for Sale (1964) · Help! (1965) · Rubber Soul (1965) · Revolver (1966) · Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) · Magical Mystery Tour (1967) · The Beatles (The White Album) (1968) · Yellow Submarine (1969) · Abbey Road (1969) · Let It Be (1970)
Post-breakup albums	Live at the BBC (1994) · Anthology 1 (1995) · Anthology 2 (1996) · Anthology 3 (1996) · Yellow Submarine Songtrack (1999) · Let It Be… Naked (2003)
Compilations	Hey Jude (1970) · 1962–1966 (1973) · 1967–1970 (1973) · Past Masters, Volume One (1988) · Past Masters, Volume Two (1988) · 1 (2000) · Love (2006)
Filmography	A Hard Day's Night (1964) · Help! (1965) · Magical Mystery Tour (U.K., 1967 / U.S., 1976) · Yellow Submarine (1968) · Let It Be (1970)
Videography	The Compleat Beatles (1984)  · The Beatles Anthology (2003) · The First U.S. Visit (2003)
Discography	Bootlegs · Discography · Outtakes
Related people	Pete Best · Stuart Sutcliffe  · Klaus Voormann  · Harry Nilsson  · Derek Taylor · Yoko Ono · Linda McCartney · Cynthia Lennon · Billy Preston · Tony Sheridan · Chas Newby · Andy White · Jimmy Nicol · Astrid Kirchherr
See also	Line-ups · Love (Cirque du Soleil) · Lennon/McCartney · Influence · Beatle boots · The Quarrymen · The Beatles' breakup · London · Beatlemania · Fifth Beatle · Paul is dead · The Beatles (TV series) · British Invasion · Apple Corps · Northern Songs · The Beatles Anthology · The Rutles

Persondata
NAME	Lennon, John Winston Ono
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Lennon, John Winston (birth name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Rock musician
DATE OF BIRTH	9 October 1940(1940-10-09)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
DATE OF DEATH	8 December 1980
PLACE OF DEATH	New York, New York, United States of America