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The Justice of Trajan is a legendary episode in the life of Roman Emperor Trajan, based upon Dio Cassius' account (Epitome of Book LXVIII, chapter 10): "He did not, however, as might have been expected of a warlike man, pay any less attention to the civil administration nor did he dispense justice any the less; on the contrary, he conducted trials, now in the Forum of Augustus, now in the Portico of Livia, as it was called, and often elsewhere on a tribunal."

According to the story, Trajan, busy with preparations for the Dacian Wars, was petitioned for justice by the mother of a murdered man. He asked her to wait until he returned, but she pointed out that he might not return at all. He made time to settle her case despite all the other calls on his time. The legend, though indirectly, was popularized by Dante in The Divine Comedy, alluded to in the Paradise, and recounted in Purgatory, X, 73-94:

The origin of the legend and its vicissitudes since antiquity have been the subject of several studies, including detailed "Leggende" by G. Boni, published in 1906. The episode was reflected in several works of art and in the verse The Justice by Belarusian poet Simeon of Polotsk (1629—1680). Among artists that depicted the legend are Eugène Delacroix, Roger van der Weyden, Hans Sebald Beham, Noël Coypel and Noël Hallé. A French painter Raoul Dufy was inspired by Delacroix's painting of the justice.

Historically, the justice of Trajan may also refer either to what was described by Pliny the Younger (Epistulae, VI, 31, a court trial in Centumcellae) or depicted on Trajan's Column, where Trajan judges the captured barbarian chiefs.

The Justice of Trajan by Beham

The Justice of Trajan (La clémence de Trajan) by Hallé

The Justice of Trajan (La justice de Trajan) by Delacroix

• Trajan and the Widow Italian panel
• (Russian) Simeon of Polotsk's The Justice
• translation of Dante's Divine Comedy
• translation of Cassius Dio's chapter on Trajan

• Jean Seznec. "Diderot and The Justice of Trajan". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, vol. 20, no. 1/2.
• Elena Sharnova. "A Newly Discovered Justice of Trajan from the Second School of Fontainebleau". Burlington Magazine, vol. 142, no. 1166