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Full grown Jute plant in field.

Jute is one of the most important Natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage. Cultivation is dependent on the climate, season, and soil. Almost 85% of the world's jute cultivation is concentrated in The Ganges delta.

This fertile geographic region is shared by both Bangladesh and India (West Bengal). China also has a dominating place in jute cultivation. In small scale, Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), Pakistan, Nepal, and Bhutan also cultivates jute.

Jute harvesting by farmers.

To grow jute, farmers scatter the seeds on cultivated soil. When the plants are about 15-20 cm tall, they are thinned out. About four months after planting, harvesting begins. The plants are usually harvested after they flower, but before the flowers go to seed. The stalks are cut off close to the ground. The stalks are tied into bundles and soaked in water (retting) for about 20 days. This process softens the tissues and breaks the hard pectin bond between the bast & Jute hurd (Inner woody fiber stick) and the process permits the fibres to be separated. The fibres are then stripped from the stalks in long strands and washed in clear, running water. Then they are hung up or spread on thatched roofs to dry. After 2-3 days of drying, the fibres are tied into bundles.

The suitable climate for growing Jute is a warm and wet climate, which is offered by the Monsoon Climate during the Fall Season, immediately followed by Summer. Temperature ranging 70º-100º F and relative humidity of 70%-80% are favorable for successful cultivation. Jute requries 2"-3" of rainfall weekly with extra needed during the sowing period. [1]

Pre-retting of Jute Stalk. If the bast fiber is easily separatable from the jute hurd or core, then the jute is deemed to be ready for harvesting.

Retting is the process of extracting fiber from the stem or bast of the Bast fiber plants. The available retting processes are: mechanical retting (hammering), chemical retting (boiling & applying chemicals), steam/vapor/dew retting, and water or microbial retting. Among them, the water or microbial retting is a century old but the most popular process in extracting fine bast fibers. However, selection of these retting processes depends on the availability of water and the cost of retting process.

To extract fine fibers from jute plant, a small stalk is harvested for pre-retting. Usually, this small stalk is brought before 2 weeks of harvesting time. If the fiber can easily be removed form the Jute hurd or core, then the crop is ready for harvesting.

After harvesting, the jute stalks are tied into bundles and submerged in soft running water. The stalk stays submerged in water for 20 days. However, the retting process may require less time if the quality of the jute is better. In most cases, the fiber extraction process of bast fibers in water retting is done by the farmers while standing under water.

Retting of Jute Stalk. Hitting the fiber with wooden hammer, pulling out the fiber from the hurd or core, washing with water, squeezing out the water, and stocking.

When the jute stalk is well retted, the stalk is grabbed in bundles and hit with a long wooden hammer to make the fiber loose from the jute hurd or core. After loosing the fiber, the fiber is washed with water and squeezed for dehydration. The extracted fibers is further washed with fresh water and allowed to dry on bamboo poles. Finally, they are tied into small bundles to be sold into the primary market.

The Ganges Delta contributes more than 80% of the Jute production in the world. The Ganges Delta can be sub-divided into the following geo-graphical regions in terms of Jute Cultivation:

• Jat Area (Brahmaputra Alluvium): This comprises part of the districts of Dhaka, Mymensingh, Tangail, and Comilla of Bangladesh. The area annually receives fresh deposit of silts carried down by the flood water. Soils are acidic in nature, the texture varies from sand loam to clay loam. According to commercial quality, the best quality Jute, the Jat type, grows in this area.
• District Area (Ganges Alluvium): This comprises part of the districts of Kushtia, Jessore, Khulna, Rajshahi, Pabna, and Dhaka of Bangladesh and major portion of West Bengal of India. This area has soil of slight alkaline clay loam to light loam in gray to dark gray color. The type of Jute grown in this area is known as District Jute, which is next to Jat Jute in order of quality. The Jute Fiber grown in this region is further divided into two major varieties, such as: Hard District Jute and Soft District Jute.
• Northern Area (Teesta Silt): This comprises part of Dinajpur, Rangpur districts, East Bogra, and Sirajganj of Bangladesh and some parts of West Bengal of India. The region has sandy soil with low moisture retention capacity. Soil retention is slightly acidic. Northern type of Jute is inferior quality of the three commercial types.

India, China, and Bangladesh are the three major producers in the cultivation or production of jute fiber.

• India has taken advantage of recent improvements the cultivation of jute to become the largest producer or cultivator of jute in the world. Using advanced production techniques, India also has dominance over the worldwide jute products market.
• Bangladesh is currently the second largest producer of jute fiber, now over taken by India. The Jat Area, popular for highest quality of jute fiber is located in Bangladesh. Therefore, Bangladesh is able to supply the highest quality Jute fiber in the world. However, Bangladesh falls behind her other competitors in applying recent technological advancements.
• China is the 3rd largest in terms of jute cultivation. Due to China's huge population, the Chinese are not emphasizing the cultivation of jute, as it has to compete hard with other necessary crops. Due to modern effective agriculture, they have the highest yield of jute fiber in the world.

• Ganges Delta : Best Place in the world for Best Quality (Raw) Jute Fiber by GFTCL Bangladesh.

• Ministry of Textile & Jute, Bangladesh

Flowchart from sowing to fiber extraction.