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This article is about the vegetable. For other things called kale please see Kale (disambiguation).

Kale Drought
Species
Brassica oleracea
Cultivar group
Acephala Group
Origin
unknown, before the Middle Ages
Cultivar Group members
Many, and some are known by other names.

Kale (also called Borecole) is a form of cabbage (Brassica oleracea Acephala Group), green in color, in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species Brassica oleracea contains a wide array of vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. The Cultivar Group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically.

Contents 1 Cultivation 2 Nutritional Value 3 Origins 4 Cultivars 5 Culinary uses 6 Decorative uses 7 Literature 8 References 9 See also 10 External links

The most important growing areas lie in central and northern Europe and North America. Kale grows more rarely in tropical areas as it prefers cooler climates. Kale is the most robust cabbage type - indeed the hardiness of kale is unmatched by any other vegetable. Kale will also tolerate nearly all soils provided that drainage is satisfactory. Another advantage is that kale rarely suffers from pests and diseases of other members of the cabbage family - pigeons, club root and cabbage root fly (Delia radicum).

Kale is the result of man's artificial selection for enlargement of leaves in the wild mustard plant.

Kale is considered to be one of the most highly nutritious vegetables, with powerful antioxidant properties. Dr. Joel Fuhrman uses kale as the highest value to calibrate his index of foods by nutrient density versus calories, assigning kale a value of 1000. Compared to kale, spinach and broccoli, widely considered extremely nutritious foods, are valued at 886 and 395, respectively by Fuhrman.

Until the end of the Middle Ages, kale was the common green vegetable in all of Europe. Curly leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat leafed varieties in Greece, in the fourth century BC. These forms, which were referred to by the Romans as Sabellian kale, are considered to be the the ancestors of modern kales. Today, one may differentiate between varieties according to the low, intermediate or high length of the stem, with varying leaf types. The leaf colours range from light green through green, dark green and violet-green to violet-brown. Russian kale was introduced into Canada (and then into the U.S.) by Russian traders in the 19th century.

Kai-lan, a separate cultivar of Brassica oleracea much used in Chinese cuisine, is somewhat similar to kale in appearance and is occasionally called "kale" in English.

Kale can be classified by leaf type:

• Curly leaved (Scots kales)
• Plain leaved
• Rape kale
• Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved kale)
• Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur kale)

Because kale can grow well into winter, one variety of Rape kale is called 'Hungry Gap', named after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little could be harvested.

Kale freezes well and actually tastes sweeter and more flavorful after being exposed to a frost.

Tender kale greens can provide an intense addition to salads, particularly when combined with other such strongly-flavored ingredients as dry-roasted peanuts, tamari-roasted almonds, or red pepper flakes.

In the Netherlands it is very frequently used in the winter dish stamppot and seen as one of the countries traditional dishes, called Boerenkool.

A traditional Portuguese soup, caldo verde, combines pureed potatoes, diced kale, olive oil, broth, and, generally, sliced cooked spicy sausage. Under the name of couve, kale is also popular in the former Portuguese colony of Brazil, in caldo verde or as a vegetable dish, often cooked with carne seca (shredded dried beef).

A whole culture around kale has developed in north-western Germany around the towns of Bremen and Oldenburg as well as in the land of Schleswig-Holstein. There, most social clubs of any kind will have a "Grünkohlfahrt" ("kale tour") sometime in January, visiting a country inn to consume large quantities of kale, sausage and schnapps. Most communities in the area have a yearly kale festival which includes naming a "kale king". Curly kale is used in Halland, Sweden, to make långkål, an obligatory on the julbord in the region, and is commonly served together with the christmas ham. In Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in dialect Scots is synonymous with food. To be "off one's kail" is to feel too ill to eat.

Kale is a very good source of iron, calcium, vitamin C, Folic Acid, vitamin K and Carotenoids (which provide vitamin A). In Japan, kale juice (known as aojiru) is a popular dietary supplement.

Many varieties of kale are referred to as "flowering kales" and are grown mainly for their ornamental leaves, which are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue or violet in the interior or the rosette. Most plants sold as "ornamental cabbage" are in fact kales. Ornamental kale is every bit as edible as any other variety. [1]

The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, which included J. M. Barrie (author of Peter Pan), consisted of authors who wrote about traditional rural Scottish life (kailyard = kale field).

Kale was also mentioned in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Kidnapped.

• Dr D.G.Hessayon (2003)The Vegetable & Herb Expert. Expert Books. ISBN 0-903505-46-0

• Bowen's Kale

• Kaley McMahon

• Kale: Plants For a Future database
• Pests commonly found on Collards, Kale, Mustard and Turnip
• Detailed nutritional composition of kale: Nutritiondata.com