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Kapampangan
Spoken in:	Philippines
Region:	Central Luzon
Total speakers:	2.4 million
Language family:	Austronesian  Malayo-Polynesian   Borneo-Philippines    Central Luzon     Kapampangan
Writing system:	Latin (Filipino variant); Historically written in Baybayin
Official status
Official language in:	none
Regulated by:	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language)
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	pam
ISO 639-3:	pam
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Kapampangan is one of the eight major languages of the Philippines.

Contents 1 History 2 Classification 3 Geographic distribution 4 Sounds 4.1 Vowels 4.2 Consonants 4.3 Stress 4.4 Phonology 4.5 Historical sound changes 5 Grammar 5.1 Nouns 5.2 Pronouns 5.2.1 Special forms 5.3 Pronoun combinations 5.4 Demonstrative pronouns 5.5 Verbs 5.5.1 Ambiguities and irregularities 5.5.2 Conjugation chart 5.6 Enclitic Particles 5.7 Existential 5.8 Interrogative Words 6 Loan Words 7 Examples 7.1 Some Common Phrases 7.2 Numbers 7.3 Traditional Children's Song 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

The word Kapampangan or Capampañgan is the language spoken by the inhabitants of Indung Kapampangan, once the heartleand of the Lusung Empire (Chinese: 呂宋國, "The Lesser Song Empire")^[1]. The name was derived from derived from the rootword pangpang which means river bank.

Very little is known about the language spoken by the Lusung Empire prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. It is most likely that the language spoken from Tondo all the way to the region north of the Indung Kapampangan River as recorded in Miguel de Loarca's 1583 census was Kapampangan^[2].

In the 18th century, two books were written by Fr. Diego Bergaño. He authored Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga^[3] and Arte de la lengua Pampanga.

The Kapampangan Language produced two literary giants in the 19th century. Father Anselmo Fajardo was noted for his works Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada. Another writer, Juan Crisostomo Soto, was noted for writing many plays. He authored Alang Dios in 1901. The Kapampangan poetical joust "Crissotan" was coined by his fellow literary genius Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature in the 50's, Amado M. Yuzon to immortalize his contribution to Pampanga's Literature. Currently, the use of Kapampangan, even in areas where the language has traditionally been spoken, is in decline.^[4]

Kapampangan is a Northern Philippine language within the Austronesian language family.

The position of Kapampangan among the Northern Philippine language family is not clear. It's been grouped by SIL as a member of the geographically disjointed Bashiic-Central Luzon-Northern Mindoro language subfamily. This includes languages like Ivatan (spoken north of Luzon), Yami (spoken on Orchid Island, near the southeast coast of Taiwan, and closely related to Ivatan), and Iraya of the island of Mindoro.

Kapampangan's closest relatives are the Sambal languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the city of Bolinao, Pangasinan.

Most, if not all, of these languages share the same reflex of the Proto-Austronesian consonant *R, which is /j/ in those languages.

Kapampangan is primarily spoken in the provinces of Pampanga and in the southern towns of the province of Tarlac. It is also spoken in isolated communities within the provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales and the city of Manila.

The population of Kapampangan speakers in the Philippine Census of 1990 was 1,897,378.^[5] In the Philippine Census of 2000, a total of 2,312,870 out of 76,332,470 people speak Kapampangan as their native language.

Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels. Some western dialects of Kapampangan have six vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

Before the arrival of the Spanish, Kapampangan had three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, and /u/; some dialects also had /ə/. This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish words.

They are:

• /a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "father"
• /ɛ/ an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed"
• /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"
• /o/ a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "forty"
• /u/ a close back unrounded vowel similar to English "flute"

There are four main diphthongs; /aɪ/, /oɪ/, /aʊ/, and /iʊ/. Though in most dialects, they are reduced to only two.

Below is a chart of Kapampangan consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Unlike other Philippine languages, Kapampangan lacks the phoneme /h/.

		Bilabial	Dental / Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stops	Voiceless	p	t		k	- [ʔ]
	Voiced	b	d		g
Affricates	Voiceless			(ts, tiy) [tʃ]
	Voiced			(diy) [dʒ]
Fricatives			s	(siy) [ʃ]
Nasals		m	n		ng [ŋ]
Laterals			l
Flaps			r
Semivowels		w		(y) [j]

Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.

• /a/ is raised slightly in unstressed positions
• In some western accents, /ɯ/ is a separate phoneme as in [atɯp] (roof) and [lalɯm] (deep). However, this sound has merged with /a/ for most Kapampangan speakers.
• Unstressed /i/ is usually pronounced [ɪ] as in English "bit"
• At the end of a word and declarative sentences, /e/ and /i/ are pronounced [ɪ ~ i].
• However, in exclamatory and interogatory statements, [i] is raised to ɛ. So, nanu ini? becomes nanu ine? (Translation: what is this?) and Me keni! necomes Me kene!(Translation: Come here!)
• At the end of a word and declarative sentence, /o/ and /u/ are pronounced [u]
• However, in exclamatory and interogatory statements, [u] is raised to [o]. So, ninu i Pedru? becomes ninu i Pedro? (Translation: who is Pedro?) and Silatanan na ku! becomes Silatanan na ko! [Translation: (He) wrote me!]
• Unstressed /u/ is usually pronounced [ʊ] as in English "book"
• The diphthong /aɪ/ is pronounced [e ~ ɛ] in many Kapampangan accents, especially the standard one.
• The diphthong /aʊ/ is pronounced [o ~ ɔ] in many Kapampangan accents, especially the standard one.
• /k/ has a tendency to become [x] between vowels as in German "bach"
• /ɾ/ and /d/ are sometimes interchangeable as /ɾ/ and /d/ are allophones in Kapampangan. So, Nukarin la ring libro? can be Nukarin la ding libro? (Translation: Where are the books?)
• A glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it's in the middle of a sentence.

In Kapampangan, the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə has merged to /a/ in most dialects of Kapampangan. It is preserved in some western dialects. For example, Proto-Philippine *tanəm is tanam (to plant) in Kapampangan. Compare with Tagalog tanim and Cebuano tanom.

Proto-Philippine *R merged with /j/. For example, the Kapampangan word for "new" is bayu while in Tagalog it is bago and baro in Ilokano.

While Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, they are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.

Unlike English and Spanish which are nominative-accusative languages, Kapampangan is an ergative-absolutive language. It's a common misconception that Kapampangan is frequently spoken in the passive voice.

Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb.

Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession.

Oblique markers are similar to prepositions in English. It marks things such as location and direction.

Furthermore, noun markers are divided into two classes: one for names of people (personal) and the second for everything else (common).

Below is a chart of case markers.

	Absolutive	Ergative	Oblique
Common singular	ing	-ng, ning	king
Common plural	ding ring	ring	karing
Personal singular	i	-ng	kang
Personal plural	di ri	ri	kari

Examples:

Dinatang ya ing lalaki.
"The man arrived."

Ikit neng Juan i Maria.
"John saw Maria."

Munta la ri Elena at Robertu king bale nang Miguel./Munta la di Elena at Robertu king bale nang Miguel.
"Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house."

Nukarin la ring libro?
"Where are the books?"

Dinatang ne keng takla neng anak
"The child just happen to take a dump"

Yari nako me patakla!
"Im done taking a dump"

Ibie ke ing susi kang Carmen.
[Note: direct translation = I will give the key to Carmen] "I will give Carmen the key." [Note: better translation = I will give the key to Carmen] *** of course, the meanings are the same; it's just a matter of sentence construction.

Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.

	Absolutive (Independent)	Absolutive (Enclitic)	Ergative	Oblique
1st person singular	yaku, aku	ku	ku	kanaku, kaku
2nd person singular	ika	ka	mu	keka
3rd person singular	iya, ya	ya	na	keya, kaya
1st person dual	ikata	kata, ta	ta	kekata
1st person plural inclusive	ikatamu, itamu	katamu, tamu	tamu, ta	kekatamu, kekata
1st person plural exclusive	ikami, ike	kami, ke	mi	kekami, keke
2nd person plural	ikayo, iko	kayu, ko	yu	kekayu, keko
3rd person plural	ila	la	da	karela

Examples:

Sinulat ku.
"I wrote."

Silatanan na ku.
"(He) wrote me."

Dinatang ya.
"He has arrived." [Note: Dinatang ya = "He arrived" or "He arrives"; He has arrived = Dinatang ne]

Sabyan me kaku.
"Tell me it." [I don't know how to explain this; more proper translation is: tell it to me or to some effect "advise me"}

Ninu ing minaus keka?
"Who called you?

Mamasa la.
"They are reading."

Mamangan la ring babi?
"Are the pigs eating?" (literally: "Eating they the pigs?")

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

Ing bale ku.
Ing kakung bale.
"My house."

The dual pronoun ikata refers to only the first and second persons.

The inclusive pronoun ikatamu refers to the first and second persons. It may also refer to a third person(s).

The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons but excludes the second.

Ala tang nasi.
"We (you and I) do not have rice." [the word "you" here maybe plural or singular]

Ala tamung nasi.
"We (you and I and someone else) do not have rice." [this is the same as above; "tang" is only a shortcut of "tamung"]

Ala keng nasi.
"We (someone else and I, but not you) do not have rice." [the third person maybe singular or plural, that is, "we" may refer to "He/She and I" or "They and I"]

Furthermore, Kapampangan stands out among many Philippine languages in requiring the presence of the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present.

Dinatang ya i Erning. (not *dinatang i Erning)
"Ernie arrived."

Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan./Mamasa la di Maria at Juan. (not *mamasa ri Maria at Juan/mamasa di Maria at Juan)
"Maria and Juan are reading."

Silatanan na kang José. (not *silatanan kang José)
"José wrote you."

As a comparison, it would be akin to saying *dumating siya si Erning, *bumabasa sila sina Maria at Juan and *sinulatan ka niya ni José in Tagalog.

The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati (there is/are) and ala (there is/are not).

Ati yu king Pampanga. (not *Ati ya king Pampanga)
"He is in Pampanga."

Ala lu ring doktor keni./Ala lu ding doktor keni. (not *ala la ring doktor keni/ala la ding doktor keni)
The doctors are no longer here.

Note: for some speakers of Kapampangan (possibly certain dialects), all of the above forms can be used:
Both "ati yu" and "ati ya" are equally right. Plural form ("they are") is "atilu" and "atila".
Both "ala la" and "ala lu" are correct in the plural form. Singular form is "ala ya" and "ala yu"

The order and forms in which Kapampangan pronouns appear in sentences are outlined in the following chart.

Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order following verbs or particles like negation words. The enclitic pronoun is always first followed by another pronoun or discourse marker.

Ikit da ka.
"I saw you."

Silatanan na ku.
"He wrote to me."

However, the following constructions are incorrect: *ikit ka da and *silatanan ku na

Also, pronouns combine to form one portmanteau pronoun.

Ikit ke. (instead of Ikit ku ya)
"I saw her."

Dinan kong pera. (instead of Dinan ku lang pera.)
"I will give them money." [Actually "Dinan ku la..." is correct; "kong..." is a shortcut of "ku lang..."]

Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and while using the word naman. Furthermore,

Akakit me? (instead of akakit me?)
Do you see him?

Buri nya naman yan/buri ne murin yan. (instead of buri ne naman yan)
he likes that, too

The chart below outlines the permitted combinations of pronouns. There are blank entries to denote combinations which are deemed impossible.

The column headings (i.e., yaku, ika, etc.) in bold denote pronouns in the absolutive case while the row headings (i.e., ku, mu, etc.) denote pronouns in the ergative case.

	yaku 1 s	ika 2 s	ya 3 s	ikata 1 dual	ikatamu 1 p inc.	ikami 1 p exc.	ikayo 2 p	ila 3 p
ku 1 s	(ing sarili ku)	da ka	ke kya	-	-	-	da ko da kayu	ko ku la
mu 2 s	mu ku	(ing sarili mu)	me mya	-	-	mu ke mu kami	-	mo mu la
na 3 s	na ku	na ka	ne nya (ing sarili na)	na kata	na katamu	na ke na kami	na ko na kayu	no nu la
ta 1 dual	-	-	te tya	(ing sarili ta)	-	-	-	to ta la
tamu 1 p inc.	-	-	ta ya	-	(ing sarili tamu)	-	-	ta la
mi 1 p exc.	-	da ka	mi ya	-	-	(ing sarili mi)	da ko da kayu	mi la
yu 2 p	yu ku	-	ye ya	-	-	yu ke yu kami	(ing sarili yu)	yo yu la
da 3 p	da ku	da ka	de dya	da kata	da katamu	da ke da kami	da ko da kayu	do da la (ing sarili da)

Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns are outlined in the chart below.

This particular system of demonstrative pronouns differs with other Philippine languages by having separate forms for the singular and plural.

	Absolutive		Ergative		Oblique		Locative		Existential
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nearest to speaker (this, here)	ini	deni reni	nini	dareni	kanini	kareni	oyni	oreni	keni
Near speaker & addressee (this, here)	iti	deti reti	niti	dareti	kaniti	kareti	oyti	oreti	keti
Nearest addressee (that, there)	iyan	den ren	niyan	daren	kanyan	karen	oyan	oren	ken
Remote (yon, yonder)	ita	deta reta	nita	dareta	kanita	kareta	oyta	oreta	keta

The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (as well as their respective forms) both mean "this" but each have distinct uses.

Iti usually refers to something abstract but may also refer to concrete nouns. For example, iting musika (this music), iti ing gagawan mi (this is what we do).

Ini is always concrete and never abstract. For example ining libru (this book), ini ing asu nang Juan (this is Juan's dog).

Furthermore, in their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of. Keti, on the other hand, when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. For example, two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti however, they will refer to their respective towns as keni. Both mean here.

Nanu ini?
"What's this?"

Mangabanglu la rening sampaga./Mangabanglu la dening sampaga.
"These flowers smell good."

Ninu ing lalaking ita?
"Who is that man/guy?"

Me keni/munta ka keni.
"Come here."

Ati ku keti/atsu ku keni/atyu ku keni.
"I am here."

Mangan la keta.
"They will eat there."

Ninu ing anak a yan?
"Who is that child?"

Uyta/Oyta ya pala ing salamin mo/mu!
"So that's where your glasses are!"

E ku pa menakit makanyan/makanini.
"I haven't seen one of these before"

Manyaman la ren./Manyaman la den.
Those are delicious.

ayni/Areni/Oreni la reng adwang regalo para keka.
"Here are the two gifts for you."

Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex and take on a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect, mode, and others.

Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs to be more difficult than their own languages' verbs due to some verbs belonging to unpredictable verb classes as well as ambiguity with certain verb forms.

To illustrate this, let's take the rootword sulat (write) which exists in both Tagalog and Kapampangan.

For example:

• susulat means "is writing" in Kapampangan but "will write" in Tagalog.
• sumulat means "will write" in Kapampangan but "wrote" in Tagalog. This form is also the infinitive in both languages.
• sinulat means "wrote" in both languages. However in Kapampangan it's in the actor focus but object focus in Tagalog

The object-focus suffix -an represents two types of focuses. However, the only difference between the two is that one of the conjugations preserves -an in the completed aspect while it is dropped in the other conjugation. Take the two verbs below:

bayaran (to pay someone): bayaran (will pay someone), babayaran (is paying someone), beyaran (paid someone)

bayaran (to pay for something): bayaran (will pay for something), babayaran (is paying for something), binayad (paid for something)

Note that other Philippine languages have separate forms. For example, there is -in and -an in Tagalog, -on and -an in Bikol and in most of the Visayan languages, and -en and -an in Ilokano. This is due to historical sound changes concerning Proto-Philippine /*e/ mentioned above.

There are a number of actor-focus verbs which do not use the infix -um- but are usually conjugated like other verbs that do. For example, gawa (to do), bulus (to immerse), terak (to dance), lukas (to take off), sindi (to smoke), saklu (to fetch), takbang (to step), tuki (to accompany), etc. are used instead of *gumawa, *bumulus, *tumerak, *lumukas, *sumindi, *sumaklu, *tumakbang, *tumuki,

Many of the verbs mentioned in the previous paragraph undergo a change of their vowel rather than use the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (i.e., -um- verbs), this happens only to verbs having the vowel /u/ in the first syllable. For example, the verb lukas (to take off) is conjugated lukas (will take off), lulukas (is taking off), and likas (took off) (rather than *linukas).

This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to /u/ becoming /i/, /a/ becomes /e/ in certain cases. For example, dela (brought something) and not *dinala, semal (worked on something) and not *sinamal, and seli (bought) and not *sinali.

Furthermore, there is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes in writing. Magsalita can either mean is speaking or will speak. There is an audible difference, however. [mɐgsaliˈtaʔ] means "will speak" while [ˌmaːgsaliˈtaʔ] means "is speaking".

Below is a chart of the basic Kapampangan verbal affixes.

	Infinitive & Contemplative	Progressive	Completed
Actor Focus1a	-um-	CV-	-in-
Actor Focus1b	-	CV-	-in- -i-
Actor Focus1c	m-	mVm-	min- me-
Actor Focus2	mag-	mág-	mig-, meg-
Actor Focus3	ma-	má-	ne-
Actor Focus4	maN-	máN-	meN-
Object Focus1	-an	CV- ... -an	-in- -i- -e-
Object Focus2 Benefactive Focus	i-	iCV-	i- -in- i- -i- i- -e-
Object Focus3 Locative Focus	-an	CV- ... -an	-in- ... -an -i- ... -an -e- ... -an
Instrument Focus	ipaN-	páN-	piN-, peN
Reason Focus	ka-	ká-	ke-

Komustá is used to inquire how something is (are). It is frequently used as a greeting meaning How are you? It is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está?. Komustá na ka?
“How are you?”

Komustá ya ing pasyente?
“How is the patient?”

Nanu means what.

Nanu ya ing gagawa?
“What is he doing?”

Ninu means who.

Ninu la reng lalake?/Ninu la deng lalake?
“Who are those men?”

Ninu i Jennifer?
“Who is Jennifer?”

Nokarin means where but is used to inquire about the location of an object and not used with verbs.

Nokarin ya ing drayber?
“Where is the driver?”
Note: Drayber is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of “driver.”

Nokarin ya i Henry?
“Where is Henry?”

Many Kapampangan words have been borrowed from foreign languages, like Spanish such as swerti/swerte (from suerte, luck), krus (cruz, cross), kwartu/kwarto (from cuarto, room), peru/pero (from pero, but), and berdi/berde (from verde, green); Chinese such as susi/suse (from xu-xi, key) and sungkî/sungkê (from sung-ki, uneven); and Sanskrit such as karma.

• Kumusta na ka? - How are you?
• Masalese ku pu. - I'm fine.
• Mayap ku pu. - I'm good.
• Nanung lagyu mu? - What is your name?
• Malagu kang talaga. - You are really beautiful
• Kasanting mu! - You are so handsome!
• Wa - Yes
• Ali - No
• Mekeni (from 'Ume ka keni'). - Come here.

Kaluguran da ka - I love you

• Tabalu keka - literally "I don't know with you" (expression)
• Mako na ku - I have to go

1	metung (for simple counting)/metung (for describing the quantity of the object)
2	adwa
3	atlu/atlo
4	apat
5	lima
6	anam
7	pitu/pito
8	walu/walo
9	siyam
10	apulu/apulo (for simple counting), apulu/apulo (for describing the quantity of the object)
11	pulu’t isa/pulu at isa (for simple counting), pulu’t metung/pulu at metung (for describing the quantity of the object) (onsi/onse, Spanish numerals are used above 10)
12	pulu’t adwa/pulu at adwa (dosi/dose)
13	pulu’t atlu/pulu’t atlo OR pulu at atlu/pulu at atlo (tresi/trese)
14	pulu’t apat/pulu at apat (katorsi/katorse)
15	pulu’t lima/pulu at lima (kinsi/kinse)
20	benti/bente
30	trenta
100	syentu/syento
1,000,000	isang milyón

Atin ku pung singsing
Metung yang timpukan
Amana ke iti
King indung ibatan
[Better = "Kang..." Sangkan keng sininup
King metung a kaban
Mewala ya iti,
E ku kamalayan.

Ing sukal ning lub ku
Susukdul king banwa
Pikurus kung gamat
[or the active "Mikurus..." Babo ning lamesa
Ninu mang manakit
King singsing kung mana
Kalulung pusu ku
Manginu ya keya.

English Translation:

I once had a ring
With a beautiful gem
I inherited this
From my mother
I stored it as well as I could
In a hopebox
But it just suddenly disappeared
I didn't notice.

The heartache inside me
Is as high as the sky
My crossed hands (as I pray)
Are upon the table
Whoever would find
That inherited ring
[Better: My inherited ring] My poor heart (that's aching)
Shall forever worship him/her.

• Languages of the Philippines

• Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S. 1996. An Outline: The National Language and the Language of Instruction. In Readings in Philippine Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, 223. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc.
• Bergaño, Diego. 1860. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en Romance. 2nd ed. Manila: Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier.
• Castro, Rosalina Icban. 1981. Literature of the Pampangos. Manila: University of the East Press.
• Fernández, Eligío. 1876. Nuevo Vocabulario, ó Manual de Conversaciónes en Español, Tagálo y Pampángo. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Perez
• Gallárdo, José. 1985-86. Magaral Tang Capampangan. Ing Máyap a Balità, ed. by José Gallárdo, May 1985- June 1986. San Fernando: Archdiocese of San Fernando.
• Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300-1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author.
• Kitano Hiroaki. 1997. Kapampangan. In Facts About The World’s Major Languages, ed. by Jane Garry. New York: H.W. Wilson. Pre-published copy
• Lacson, Evangelina Hilario. 1984. Kapampangan Writing: A Selected Compendium and Critique. Ermita, Manila: National Historical Institute.
• Manlapaz, Edna Zapanta. 1981. Kapampangan Literature: A Historical Survey and Anthology. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Universit Press.
• Panganiban, J.V. 1972. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
• Pangilinan, Michael Raymon M. 2004. Critical Diacritical. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XIV. Angeles City: KMagazine.
• Samson, Venancio. 2004. Problems on Pampango Orthography. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XII. Angeles City: KMagazine.
• Tayag, Katoks (Renato). 1985. "The Vanishing Pampango Nation", Recollections and Digressions. Escolta, Manila: Philnabank Club c/o Philippine National Bank.
• Turla, Ernesto C. 1999. Classic Kapampangan Dictionary. Offprint Copy

• 10 ICAL Paper - Orthography Dispute
• 10 ICAL Paper - Diacritical Marks
• 10 ICAL Paper - Transitivity & Pronominal Clitic Order
• Ethnologue
• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Bansa.org Kapampangan Dictionary
• Kapampangan lessons, uses Bacolor (Spanish) spelling
• eK! (electronic Kabalen) - a Pampanga-based Kapampangan journal of ideas
• Filipino Children Songs
• Dying languages
• State can still save Kapampangan

v • d • e Languages of the Philippines
Official languages	Filipino • English
Recognized regional languages	Tagalog • Cebuano • Chavacano • Ilokano • Hiligaynon • Waray-Waray • Kapampangan • Bikol • Pangasinan
Recognized auxiliary languages	Arabic • Spanish
Language groups	Borneo-Philippines {Central Philippine (Bikol {Inland • Pandan} • Visayan {Aklan • Bisakol}) • (Batanic • Sambalic)}