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Map of the early Kadaha kingdom and the Early transpeninsular routeway.

This article is part of the History of Malaysia series.
Prehistory (60,000–2,000 BCE)
Gangga Negara (2nd–11th century CE)
Langkasuka (2nd–14th century)
Pan Pan (3rd–5th century)
Srivijaya (3rd–14th century)
Kedah Sultanate (1136–present)
Malacca Sultanate (1402–1511)
Portuguese Malacca (1511 - 1641)
Dutch Malacca (1641 - 1824)
Sulu Sultanate (1450–1899)
Johor Sultanate (1528–current)
Jementah Civil War (1879)
Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1946)
British Malaya (1874–1946)
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
Burney Treaty (1826)
Straits Settlements (1826–1946)
Larut War (1861–1874)
Klang War (1867–1874)
Pangkor Treaty of 1874
Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
Unfederated Malay States (19th century–1946)
Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
Battle of Penang (1914)
North Borneo (1882–1963)
Mat Salleh Rebellion (1896–1900)
World War II (1941–1945)
Battle of Malaya (1941–42)
Parit Sulong Massacre (1942)
Battle of Muar (1942)
Battle of Singapore (1942)
Syburi (1942–1945)
Battle of North Borneo (1945)
Sandakan Death Marches (1945)
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)
Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
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Independence Day (1957)
Federation of Malaysia (1963–present)
Operation Coldstore (1963)
Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation (1962–1966)
Brunei Revolt (1962–1966)
Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965)
1964 Race Riots (1964)
Communist Insurgency War (1967-1989)
May 13 Incident (1969)
New Economic Policy (1971–1990)
Operation Lalang (1987)
1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis (1987–88)
Asian financial crisis (1997–98)
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The Sultanate of Kedah was one of the earliest sultanates in Southeast Asia. The 9th ruler of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu Rajah, converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Mudzafar Shah, he ruled the northern region of Malay Peninsula from 1136 to 1179. According to the Kedah Annals, the first Raja of Kedah was Maharaja Derbar Raja.

Main article: Early history of Kedah

Around 170 AD a group of Hindu and Malay refugees arrived at Kedah; they were soon followed by peoples from nearby islands and the northern Mon-Khmer region. Kedah covered the areas of Kuala Bahang, Kuala Bara, Kuala Pila and Merpah, and the inhabitants of Kedah appointed Tun Derma Dewa and Tun Perkasa as their village chiefs.

Ancient artefact found in Kedah.

In the year 630 CE, Maharaja Derbar Raja of Gemeron in Persia was defeated in battle and escaped to Ceylon, but was blown off course by a storm and landed on the shores of Kuala Sungai Qilah, Kedah. The inhabitants of Kedah found him to be a valiant and intelligent person, and they made him the king of Kedah. In the year 634 AD, a new kingdom was formed in Kedah. It consisted of Persian royalty and Malay and Hindu peoples. Its capital was Langkasuka.

The Nobat musical instruments of Nagara and Nepiri were introduced to Kedah by Maharaja Derbar Raja. The instrument is also called semambu. The band is led by the king, and it consists of drums, a gong, a flute and a trumpet. Today, Nobat is a Royal orchestra, played only during royal ceremonies such as inaugurations, weddings, and funerals. The building which houses the instruments and where the ensemble rehearses is known as the Balai Nobat, literally the Office of Nobat.

This is a list of Sultans of Kedah. Dates of reign are given beside the names of each sultan.

• Sultan Muzaffar Shah I (1160-1179)
• Sultan Muazzam Shah (1179-1201)
• Sultan Mohammed Shah (1201-1236)
• Sultan Maazul Shah (1236-1280)
• Sultan Mahmud Shah I (1280-1320)
• Sultan Ibrahim Shah (1320-1373)
• Sultan Sulaiman Shah I (1373-1422)
• Sultan Atadullah Muhammed Shah (1422-1472)
• Sultan Muhammed Jiwa Zainal Abidin I (1472-1506)
• Sultan Mahmud Shah II (1506-1546)
• Sultan Muzaffar Shah II (1546-1602)
• Sultan Sulaiman Shah II (1602-1625)
• Sultan Rijaluddin Shah (1625-1651)
• Sultan Muhiyuddin Shah (1651-1661)
• Sultan Ziauddin Al-Mukarram Shah (1661-1687)
• Sultan Atadullah Muhammed Shah II (1687-1698)
• Sultan Abdullah I Al-Muazzam Shah (1698-1706)
• Sultan Ahman Tajuddin Halim Shah I (1706-1709)
• Sultan Abdullah II (1709-1723)
• Sultan Atadullah Muhammed III (1723-1741)
• Sultan Muhammed Jiwa Zainal Abidin II (1741-1778)

The HH Sultans

• HH Sultan Abdullah Makarram Shah III (1778-1797)
• HH Sultan Ziyauddin Mukarram Shah II (1797-1803)
• HH Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin II Halim Shah (1803-1843)
• HH Sultan Zainal Rashid Muadzam Shah II (1843-1854)
• HH Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin III Mukarram Shah (1854-1879)
• HH Sultan Zainal Rashid Muadzam Shah III (1879-1881)
• HH Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (1881-1943)
• HH Sultan Badli Shah (1943-1958)
• HH Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah (1958-)

• Bujang Valley
• Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa
• Sultanate of Malacca

• List of Kedah sultans
• http://www.kdh.icu.gov.my/english/file%20html/profilnegeri.htm
• Nobat
• Kedah State Public Library Corporation, supported by Kedah State Government