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Khorasani Turkish language
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| Khorasani Turkish | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Iran | |
| Region: | Khorasan | |
| Total speakers: | Unknown | |
| Language family: | Altaic Turkic Oghuz Khorasani Turkish |
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | tut | |
| ISO 639-3: | kmz | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Khorasani Turkish (تركي خراساني / Xorasan Türkçeəsı) is variety of speech belonging to the Turkic language family. It is spoken in northern Khorasan in Iran. Khorasani Turkish speakers also speak the Persian language.[1]
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Khorasani Turkish is spoken in the Iranian provinces of North Khorasan, near Bojnourd, and Razavi Khorasan, near Sabzevar, Quchan, and Mashhad. If the Oghuz dialect of Uzbek is considered a dialect of Khorasani Turkish, its range extends into southern Uzbekistan.
Khorasani Turkish is split into North, South, and West dialects. The northern dialect is spoken in North Khorasan near Quchan; the southern in Soltanabad near Sabzevar; the western around Bojnourd.
Khorasani Turkish belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, which also includes Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkmen, and Salar, as well as the Oghuz dialect spoken in Uzbekistan. Khorasani Turkish is most closely related to Oghuz Uzbek and Turkmen and is close to the Azerbaijani dialects spoken in Iran. As it is similar to other languages in the region, its status as a language or dialect is debated.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | g | q | |||||
| Affricate | ʧ | ʤ | ||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | x | ɣ | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
| Flap/Tap | r | |||||||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||||||
| Approximant | j | |||||||||||
Pluralization is marked on nouns with the suffix -lAr, which has the two forms -lar and -lær, depending on vowel harmony.
Nouns in Khorasani Turkish take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and whether they follow a vowel or a consonant:
| Case | After Vowels | After Consonants |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | No Ending | |
| Genitive | niŋ/nin | iŋ/in |
| Dative | ya/yæ | a/æ |
| Accusative | ni/nɯ | i/ɯ |
| Locative | da/dæ | |
| Ablative | dan/dæn | |
| Instrumental | nan/næn | |
Possession is marked with a suffix on the possessed noun.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | (I)m | (I)mIz |
| Second Person | (I)ŋ | (I)ŋIz |
| Third Person | (s)I | lArI |
Khorasani Turkish has six personal pronouns. Occasionally, personal pronouns take different case endings from regular nouns.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | mæn | bɯz |
| Second Person | sæn | siz |
| Third Person | o | olar |
Verbs are declined for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. The infinitive form of the verb ends in -max.
- Excerpt from Tulu (1989) p. 90
| Translation | IPA | |
|---|---|---|
| Thus, there was a padishah named Ziyad. | ɑl ɣəssa bir ziyæːd pæːdiʃæːhiː bæːɾɨdɨ | |
| Almighty God had given him no son. | xodɒːʷændi æːlæm ona hiʧ ɔɣul ataː elæmɑmiʃdi | |
| There he spoke to his vizier: "O Vizier, I have no son. What shall I do about it?" | bæːdæn vaziːɾæ dədi, ej vaziːɾ, mændæ ki ɔɣul joxdɨ, mæn næ ʧaːɾæ eylem | |
| The vizier said: "Ruler of the whole world, what will you do with this possession?" | vaziːɾ dədi, pɒːdiʃaː-i ɢɨblæ-ji ɒːlæm, sæn bu mɒːlɨ-æmwɒːlɨ næjlijæsæn |
Tulu, Sultan (1989). Chorasantürkische Materialien aus Kalāt bei Esfarāyen. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. ISBN 3-922968-88-0.
Doerfer, Gerhard; Hesche, Wolfram (1993). Chorasantürkisch: Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, Indices. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03320-7.
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| Bulgar | Bulgar*† | Chuvash | Hunnic*† | Khazar† | ||
| Uyghur | Old Turkic† | Aini²| Chagatay† | Ili Turki | Lop | Uyghur | Uzbek | ||
| Kypchak | Baraba | Bashkir | Crimean Tatar¹ | Cuman† | Karachay-Balkar | Karaim | Karakalpak | Kazakh | Kipchak† | Krymchak | Kumyk | Nogai | Tatar | Urum¹ | Altay | Kyrgyz | ||
| Oghuz | Afshar | Azerbaijani | Crimean Tatar¹ | Gagauz | Khorasani Turkish | Ottoman Turkish† | Pecheneg† | Qashqai | Salar | Turkish | Turkmen | Urum¹ | ||
| Khalaj | Khalaj | ||
| Northeastern | Chulym | Dolgan | Fuyü Gïrgïs | Khakas | Northern Altay | Shor | Tofa | Tuvan | Western Yugur | Sakha / Yakut | ||
| Notes: ¹Listed in more than one group, ²Mixed language, *Disputed, †Extinct | |||