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Kuramoto model
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kuramoto model, first proposed by Yoshiki Kuramoto (蔵本 由紀 Kuramoto Yoshiki), is a mathematical model for the behavior of a large set of coupled oscillators, and synchronization in general. Its formulation was motivated by the behavior of systems of chemical and biological oscillators, and it has found widespread applications.
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In the most popular version of the Kuramoto model, each of the oscillators is considered to have its own intrinsic natural frequency ωi, and each is coupled equally to all other oscillators. Surprisingly, this fully nonlinear model can be solved exactly, in the infinite-N limit, with a clever transformation and the application of self-consistency arguments.
The most popular form of the model has the following governing equations:
,
where the system is composed of N limit-cycle oscillators.
The transformation that allows this model to be solved exactly (at least in the N → ∞ limit) is as follows. Define the "order" parameters r and ψ as
.
Here r represents the phase-coherence of the population of oscillators, and ψ indicates the average phase. Applying this transformation, the governing equation becomes
.
Thus the oscillators' equations are no longer explicitly coupled; instead the order parameters govern behavior. A further transformation is usually done, to a rotating frame in which the statistical average of ωi over all oscillators is zero.
Now consider the case as N tends to infinity. Take the distribution of intrinsic natural frequencies as g(ω) (assumed normalized). Then assume that the density of oscillators at a given phase θ, with given natural frequency ω, at time t is ρ(θ,ω,t). Normalization requires that
The continuity equation for oscillator density will be
![\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}[\rho v] = 0,](../../../math/6/a/e/6ae2e4da8ac94bc24532cc08f49b86ff.png)
where v is the drift velocity of the oscillators given by taking the infinite-N limit in the transformed governing equation, i.e.,
![\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}[\rho \omega + \rho K r \sin(\psi-\theta)] = 0.](../../../math/e/e/9/ee960dacac387a7b6386abfdd7e4a51b.png)
Finally, we must rewrite the definition of the order parameters for the continuum (infinite N) limit. θi must be replaced by its ensemble average (over all ω) and the sum must be replaced by an integral, to give
The incoherent state with all oscillators drifting randomly corresponds to the solution ρ = 1 / (2π). In that case r = 0, and there is no coherence among the oscillators. They are uniformly distributed across all possible phases, and the population is in a statistical steady-state (although individual oscillators continue to change phase in accordance with their intrinsic ω).
When coupling K is sufficiently strong, a fully synchronized solution is possible. In the fully synchronized state, all the oscillators share a common frequency, although their phases are different.
A solution for the case of partial synchronization yields a state in which only some oscillators (those near the ensemble's mean natural frequency) synchronize; other oscillators drift incoherently. Mathematically, the state has
for locked oscillators, and
for drifting oscillators. The cutoff occurs when | ω | < Kr.