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Leaving Certificate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Leaving Certificate (Irish: Ardteistiméireacht), commonly referred to as the Leaving Cert (Irish: Ardteist) is the final course in the Irish secondary school system and culminates with the Leaving Certificate Examination. It takes a minimum of two years preparation, but an optional Transition Year means that for those students it takes place three years after the Junior Certificate Examination. Most students taking the examination are aged 16-19; in excess of eighty percent of this group undertake the exam, although between socio-economic groups this varies greatly. The Examination is overseen by the State Examinations Commission.
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There are three distinct programmes that can be followed. While the outcomes of each programme are quite distinct, each is intended to reinforce the principals of secondary education; to prepare the student for education, society and work.
- Established Leaving Certificate: The Established Leaving Certificate, introduced in 1924, is the most common programme taken. A minimum of six subjects are presented, including Irish[1]; most students take six or seven subjects. Students must present in English and Mathematics; these have become de facto compulsory subjects, primarily due to college and university admission policies. In recent years a modern European language is often studied by many students as universities increasingly require it and also to broaden options.
- Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme: The Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme, introduced in 1989, is similar to the established programme. The student takes at least five traditional subjects, one of which must be Irish[1]. Two of the student's subjects must be part of one of a list of Vocational subject groupings. They must also study a modern European language and two Link Modules, Preparation for the World of Work and Enterprise Education. The programme is designed to help the student find their potential for self-directed learning, innovation and enterprise.
- See also: Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme
- Leaving Certificate Applied: The Leaving Certificate Applied, introduced in 1995, is taken to prepare the student for adult and working life. It consists of three elements. These are General Education, Vocational Education and Vocational Preparation. It is designed to emphasize areas of achievement and excellence which are not catered for by traditional academic programmes.
- See also: Leaving Certificate Applied
School leavers who want to attend undergraduate courses in Irish colleges and universities have to enter the clearing house run by the Central Applications Office (CAO). Admission is based solely on examination results, usually from the Established Leaving Certificate. While a student can take as many subjects as he/she wishes (to a theoretical maximum of around 20; most take seven or eight), the best six subjects are scored for the purposes of admission, each grade is translated into "points" - this can vary from 5 to 100 such points depending on the results thus a maximum of 600 can be obtained. Institutions can also set minimum grade requirements in specific examination subjects for each of their courses.
Traditionally relatively large numbers of Irish students went to university in the United Kingdom, particularly in Northern Ireland and larger British cities - this has tailed off somewhat since the expansion of education in the Republic. Increasingly students from the Republic of Ireland attend university in Northern Ireland, and vice-versa.
In recognition of this the Established Leaving Certificate underwent a process with UCAS to gain entry to the UCAS Tariff for direct entry to United Kingdom universities[2]. This introduced the examination directly onto the UCAS Tariff, allowing it to be compared more easily with other qualifications on the UCAS Tariff. On June 8th, 2004 it was decided that a Leaving Certificate (higher) subject will be worth two-thirds of an A-level (UK). Leaving Certificate students undertake several more subjects (often seven or eight) than a typical A level student.
The University of Dublin, Trinity College was among the first education institution in Ireland to adjust their evaluation of the A-level in line with the report[3], using it as a benchmark, albeit in reverse to the original intention.
Below are the list of subjects available to Established Leaving Certificate students, though most schools only offer a limited number. There are three levels in the Irish exam system Higher (often referred to as Honours), Ordinary (often referred to as Pass), and Foundation. Foundation Level may only be taken in two subjects: Irish and Mathematics. All other subjects may be sat in only Ordinary and Higher Levels. Percentage ranges are given on the table below, along with the points given for each grade. In general, a Higher Level grade is worth 40 points more than the equivalent Ordinary Level grade (e.g. a Higher C1 is 70, an Ordinary C1 is 30). However no points are awarded for a grade below D3 (below 40%). Thus if a student scores 40% on a Higher Level paper he/she will receive a D3, worth 45 points. But 39.7% on the same paper will score zero points.
The points allocations in the table below have been collectively agreed by the third-level institutions involved in the CAO scheme, and relativities that they imply have no official standing in the eyes of the State Examinations Commission or the Department of Education and Science.
- Arabic
- French
- German
- Irish (mandatory subject for NUI entry; some students can receive an exemption)
- Italian
- Japanese
- Russian
- Spanish
Of note is that Russian and Japanese are not examined to the same degree as the other languages, as they are based on a 2-year course, while the others are based on a 5-year course (including Junior Certificate).
- Agricultural Science
- Biology
- Chemistry †
- Mathematics (mandatory subject)
- Physics †
- Physics and Chemistry †
- Applied Mathematics
- Construction Studies
- Engineering
- Home Economics, Scientific and Social
- Technical Drawing
- Accounting
- Agricultural Economics†
- Business
- Economics†
- Ancient Greek†
- Art
- Classical Studies†
- English
- Geography
- Hebrew Studies
- History
- Latin†
- Music
- Religious Education
| Percentage Range | Grade | Points for Higher | Points for Ordinary | Points for Foundation[4] |
| 90 – 100 | A1 | 100 | 60 | 20 |
| 85 – 89.9 | A2 | 90 | 50 | 15 |
| 80 – 84.9 | B1 | 85 | 45 | 10 |
| 75 – 79.9 | B2 | 80 | 40 | 5 |
| 70 – 74.9 | B3 | 75 | 35 | 0 |
| 65 – 69.9 | C1 | 70 | 30 | 0 |
| 60 – 64.9 | C2 | 65 | 25 | 0 |
| 55 – 59.9 | C3 | 60 | 20 | 0 |
| 50 – 54.9 | D1 | 55 | 15 | 0 |
| 45 – 49.9 | D2 | 50 | 10 | 0 |
| 40 – 44.9 | D3 | 45 | 5 | 0 |
| 25 – 39.9 | E | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 10 – 24.9 | F | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 – 9.9 | NG | 0 | 0 | 0 |
†Subject exclusions - candidates may not take any of following subject combinations:
- Agricultural Economics and Economics
- Classical Studies and Ancient Greek
- Classical Studies and Latin
- "Physics and Chemistry" (combined) and either "Physics" (alone) or "Chemistry" (alone)
Additionally under the Nice Treaty the state is obliged to provide language support for as many official EU languages as they can, and currently offers:
- Bulgarian
- Czech
- Dutch
- Danish
- Estonian
- Finnish
- Modern Greek
- Hungarian
- Latvian
- Lithuanian
- Polish
- Portuguese
- Romanian
- Slovakian
- Swedish
The above additional languages are, however, based on the European Baccalaureate of their respective languages.
The Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme is an additional option which may be taken along with the other optional subjects. It is a more life-oriented selection.
| LCVP Grade | Percentage Range | Points awarded[5] |
| Distinction | 80 – 100 | 70 |
| Merit | 65 – 79.9 | 50 |
| Pass | 50 – 64.9 | 30 |
| Unsuccessful | 0 – 49.9 | 0 |
Each subject is examined with at least one written paper (English, Mathematics, Irish and some of the optional courses contain two written papers). Some subjects such as Art and Technology involve a practical exam which is supervised by an external examiner. Language courses are examined through both oral and aural-known as 'tape'- methods, as well as the written. The oral exams take place some months before the written exams, and the aurals take place in the same weeks as the written. Some subjects, such as Chemistry, and Agricultural Science, involve the keeping of a 'book' by students, or the creation of a project. However, not every book or project is examined, with inspectors being sent to a small few, randomly selected schools each year, or simply examining a small selection of projects from each class to check the standard.
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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Leaving Certificate#Republic of Ireland. (Discuss) |
Matriculation is administered by the Central Applications Office (CAO) following requirements laid down by the universities. Applicants must present English and usually Mathematics and Irish. Some courses require specific subjects to be taken at secondary level. For example, veterinary medicine applicants must present with a minimum grade of C3 in Chemistry at higher level. Most commonly, engineering and science programmes require Mathematics and/or a physical science. Other courses such as medicine in University College Dublin allow direct entry to a five year medicine course, provided that candidate achieved 600 points and holds a C3, in Chemistry, at higher level.
If demand exceeds supply for a course (it usually does), the CAO will award candidates "points" based on their Leaving Certificate performance in six subjects. The maximum possible score is 600. The majority of candidates present between six and eight subjects, including English, Mathematics and Irish (exemptions available) and usually a foreign language. Once all other criteria have been met, applicants with the highest points are offered a place on the course.
Subjects taken at foundation level are rarely counted for matriculation to university.
The University of Limerick awards 40 bonus points for Mathematics (Higher Level). This is an attempt to correct the recent decline in demand for scientific subjects (in 2007, 16.5% of students attempted the Mathematics (Higher Level) paper) [6] [7].
Some universities require a foreign language and Irish. Exemptions are available for: learning difficulties, birth outside of the Republic of Ireland, not having taken Irish before the age of eleven years or studying abroad for a period of at least two years after the age of eleven [8].
The exams begin on the Wednesday after the first Monday of June every year, traditionally beginning with English paper one followed by paper two. [9]. The exams last two and a half weeks, the 2008 exams will begin on 4 June and ended on 20 June; with results being released on 13 August.
There has been a few changes to the dates of certain examinations for the 2008 Exams. Usually, both English Paper 1 and 2 for Higher Level and Ordinary Level took place on the first day. As usual, English Paper 1 for both levels will take place on Wednesday 4th of June. However, instead of Paper 2 in the afternoon, the Home Economics examination will take place and English Paper 2 has been moved and will take place on the morning Thursday, 5th of June, with Chemistry in the afternoon. Friday will be Maths Paper 1 and Geography. Monday June 9th is Maths Paper 2 and Irish Paper 1. Tuesday sees Irish Paper 2 and the Business exam in the afternoon. Full details of the new timetable can be seen on http://www.examinations.ie
Only one school outside Ireland offers the Leaving Certificate exam to their students. Since 1997 students at the ISM international school in Tripoli, Libya take the Leaving Cert, with Arabic being substituted for Irish. The School's principal said, "We have students from 42 countries studying at our school; the Irish Leaving Certificate programme offered us the kind of academic standard and subject spread that we were looking for".
- ^ a b Exemption to the Irish language is detailed in Circular M10/94 (Department of Education, Ireland, 1994) and can be acquired under time spent abroad or learning disability
- ^ The Irish Leaving Certificate, Expert Group Report for Awards Seeking Admission to the UCAS Tariff, November 2003 2186 KB PDF file
- ^ BBC News, Northern Ireland, June 10, 2004 Changes to affect NI students
- ^ Some institutions award these points; most award nil.
- ^ Irish Leaving Certificate Examination Points Calculation Grid. Central Applications Office. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
- ^ http://www2.cao.ie/app_scoring/points_stats/LC07PTS.pdf
- ^ http://www.examinations.ie/statistics/statistics_2007/LC_2007_breakdownResults_10_or_More.pdf
- ^ http://www.education.ie/robots/view.jsp?pcategory=10917&ecategory=27180&language=EN&letter=I&pagetitle=I#27228
- ^ 2007 Exam Timetable (pdf). State Examinations Commission. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.