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Leonardo Bruni

Leonardo Bruni (or Leonardo Aretino) (c. 1369 – March 9, 1444), was a leading humanist, historian and a chancellor of Florence. He has been called the first modern historian.

Born in Arezzo, Tuscany, Bruni was the leading pupil of Coluccio Salutati and succeeded him as chancellor from 1410 to 1411 and again from 1427 to the end of his life. Bruni's time in office was not as perilous a time for Florence as a few years earlier, but it was still very involved in long running warfare. Bruni did not lead the city to nearly the extent of his predecessor as first the Albizzi family and then the Medici family dominated the city during his time in office. Bruni has been identified by Arthur Field (see below) as a plotter against Cosimo de Medici in 1437. Bruni died in 1444 and was succeeded in office by Carlo Marsuppini.

Leonardo Bruni's most notable work is History of the Florentine People which has been called the first modern history book.^[1] Bruni was the first historian to write about the three period view of history: Antiquity, Middle Age and Modern, a concept from which the term Middle Age was coined by a contemporary Flavio Biondo. The dates Bruni used to define the periods are not exactly what modern historians use today, but he laid the conceptual groundwork for a tripartite division of history. While it probably was not Bruni's intention to secularize history, the three period view of history is unquestionably secular and for that Bruni has been called the first modern historian.^[1] The foundation of Bruni's conception can be found with Petrarch who had first written, a generation earlier, about a "Dark Age" covering the period from the time of the fall of Rome extending to the time of Petrarch. It was Bruni and his fellow humanists who believed they had reached the end of the Dark Age and were entering a modern period, and thus logically called the intervening period a Middle Age.

It was Bruni who used the phrase studia humanitatis, meaning the study of human endeavours versus those of theology and metaphysics, which is where the term humanists comes from.

As a humanist Bruni was essential in translating many works of Plato and Aristotle. Bruni's translations of Aristotle's Politics and Nicomachean Ethics, as well as the pseudo-Aristelean Economics were widely distributed in manuscript and in print. His use of Aelius Aristides' Panathenicus (Panegyric to Athens) to buttress his republican theses in the Panegyric to the City of Florence (c. 1403) was instrumental in bringing the Greek historian to the attention of Renaissance political philosophers (see Hans Baron's The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance for details).

Bruni died in Florence in 1444.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bruni, Leonardo.

• Latin text and English translation:
  • Leonardo Bruni (April 2001). History of the Florentine People, Volume 1, Edited and Translated by James Hankins, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00506-6. 
  • Leonardo Bruni (November 2004). History of the Florentine People, Volume 2, Edited and Translated by James Hankins, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01066-3. 

• Hankins, James: Repertorium Brunianum : a critical guide to the writings of Leonardo Bruni, Rome : Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo 1997
• "Leonardo Bruno". In Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
• Field, Arthur: "Leonardi Bruni, Florentine traitor? Bruni, the Medici, and an Aretine conspiracy of 1437," Renaissance Quarterly 51 (1998): 1109-50.

• An vulgus et literati eodem modo per Terentii Tullique tempora Romae locuti sint
• Calphurnia et Gurgulia
• De Bello Gallico Adversus Gothos
• De studijs et litteris ad illustem dominam baptistam de malatesta tractatulus. Leipzig 1496.
• Epistola ad Baptistam de Malatestis.

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