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Lipinski's Rule of Five
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Druglikeness. (Discuss) |
Lipinski's Rule of Five is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness, or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has properties that would make it a likely orally active drug in humans. The rule was formulated by Christopher A. Lipinski in 1997, based on the observation that most medication drugs are relatively small and lipophilic molecules.[1]
The rule describes molecular properties important for a drug's pharmacokinetics in the human body, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ("ADME"). However, the rule does not predict if a compound is pharmacologically active.
The rule is important for drug development where a pharmacologically active lead structure is optimized step-wise for increased activity and selectivity, as well as drug-like properties as described by Lipinski's rule. The modification of the molecular structure often leads to drugs with higher molecular weight, more rings, more rotatable bonds, and a higher lipophilicity.[2]
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Lipinski's Rule of Five states that, in general, an orally active drug has:
- Not more than 5 hydrogen bond donors (hydrogen atoms attached to nitrogen or oxygen)
- Not more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors (lone pairs of nitrogen or oxygen atoms)
- A molecular weight under 500 g/mol
- A partition coefficient log P less than 5
Note that all numbers are multiples of five, which is the origin of the rule's name.
To evaluate druglikeness better, the rules have spawned many extensions, for example one from a 1999 paper by Ghose et al.:[3]
- Partition coefficient log P in -0.4 to +5.6 range
- Molar refractivity from 40 to 130
- Molecular weight from 160 to 480
- Number of heavy atoms from 20 to 70
Over the past decade Lipinski's profiling tool for druglikeness has led to further investigations by scientists to extend profiling tools to lead-like properties of compounds in the hope that a better starting point in early discovery can save time and cost.
- QSAR, quantitative structure-activity relationship
- Polar surface area
- Biopharmaceutics Classification System
- Chemical property
- Molecular property
- Physical property
- Chemical structure
- ^ C. A. Lipinski, F. Lombardo, B. W. Dominy, P. J. Feeney, Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings, Adv. Drug Del. Rev., 2001, 46, 3-26. (doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00129-0)
- ^ T. I. Oprea, A. M. Davis, S. J. Teague, P. D. Leeson, Is There a Difference between Leads and Drugs? A Historical Perspective, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 2001, 41, 1308-1315.
- ^ Arup K. Ghose, Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski, A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery, J. Combin. Chem., 1999, 1, 55-68. (doi:10.1021/cc9800071)
- Interactive Rule of Five calculator
- Free online calculations of Hydrogen bond donor/acceptor, mass and logP using ChemAxon's Marvin and Calculator Plugins - requires Java