From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of Unix programs. Some of these programs are standard utilities that will be found on any Unix or Unix-like operating system; indeed a system without such basic components as ls, sh and ed could scarcely be described as truly Unix-like. Others are more special-purpose and may not be installed by default but may be available as ready-to-install third party packages. Finally, some items on this list are simply separate applications which happen to have been written for Unix.

Many MS-DOS commands are similar to, or based on these commands. See List of DOS commands for more information.

Contents 1 System software 1.1 General user 1.2 System management 1.2.1 Kernel specific 1.2.2 Processes and tasks management 1.2.3 Job Control 1.2.4 User management and support 1.2.5 Terminal configuration 1.3 Files and texts 1.3.1 Filesystem Utilities 1.3.2 Archivers and compression 1.3.3 Text Processing 1.3.4 Text editors 1.4 Communication, networking and remote access 1.4.1 Email programs (user agents) 1.4.2 Network system services 1.4.3 Network Utilities 1.4.4 Network monitoring and security 1.5 Programming tools 1.5.1 Script Interpreters 1.5.1.1 Shells 1.5.1.2 Non-shells 1.5.2 Compilers and Programming tools 1.5.3 Scripting utilities 1.6 User interfaces 1.6.1 Desktops/Graphical User Interfaces 1.6.2 Shells 1.7 Computer security 1.7.1 Antivirus software 1.7.2 Cryptography 1.8 Package management software 1.9 OS X/Darwin specific programs 2 Application software 2.1 Office 2.2 Multimedia 2.3 Web browsers 2.4 Desktop Publishing 2.5 Databases 2.6 Mathematical and scientific software 2.7 Desktop utilities 3 See also 4 External links

• clear – Clear screen and home cursor
• dd – Convert and copy a file (Disk Dump)
• echo – Print to standard output
• env – Show environment variables; run a program with altered environment variables
• file – Determine the type of a file
• nohup – Run a command with immunity to hangups outputting to non-tty
• sh – The Bourne shell, the standard Unix shell
• uptime – Print how long the system has been running

• fuser – Identify processes by files or sockets
• logger – Make entries in the system log
• newgrp (or sg) – Log in to a new group
• pathchk – Check the validity/portability of filenames

• date – Print or set the system date and/or time
• dmesg – Print the kernel message ring buffer
• ipcrm – Remove a message queue, semaphore set or shared memory id
• ipcs – Provide information on IPC facilities
• uname – Print assorted system statistics

• anacron – Periodic command scheduler
• at – Single-time command scheduler
• chroot – Change the system root directory for all child processes
• cron – Periodic command scheduler
• crontab – Crontab file editor
• daemonic – Interface to daemon init scripts
• exit – Terminate the current shell process
• htop – Interactive ncurses-based process viewer that allows scrolling to see all processes and their full command lines
• kill – Send a signal to process, or terminate a process (by PID)
• killall – Terminate all processes (in GNU/Linux, it's kill by name)
• nice – Alter priorities for processes
• pgrep – Find PIDs of processes by name
• pidof – GNU/Linux equivalent of pgrep
• pkill – Send a signal to process, or terminate a process (by name). Equivalent to Linux killall
• ps – Report process status
• renice – Alter the priorities of an already running process
• sleep – Delay for specified time
• time – Time a command
• timex – Time process shell execution, measure process data and system activity
• top – Produce a dynamic list of all resident processes
• wait – Wait for the specified process
• watch – Runs the specified command repeatedly

• bg – Resume a job in background
• jobs – Lists active jobs
• fg – Resume a job in foreground

• chsh – Change user shell
• finger – Get details about user
• id – Print real/effective UIDs/GIDs
• last – show listing of last logged in users
• lastlog – show last log in information for users
• locale – Get locale specific information
• localedef – Compile locale definitions
• logname – Print user's login name
• man – Manual browser
• mesg – Control write access to your terminal
• passwd – Change user password
• su – Start a new process (defaults to shell) as a different user (defaults to root)
• sudo – execute a command as a different user.
• users – Show who is logged on (only users names)
• w – Show logged-in users and their current tasks
• whatis – command description from whatis database
• whereis – locates the command's binary and manual pages associated with it
• which (Unix) – locates where a command is executed from
• who – Show who is logged on (with some details)
• whoami – Shows the user's login name
• write – Send a message to another user

• stty – Change and print terminal line settings
• tput – Initialize a terminal/query terminfo database
• tty – Print filename of terminal connected to standard input

• info – The GNU alternative to man
• man – The standard unix documentation system

• chattr – Change file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
• chgrp – Change the group of a file or directory
• chmod – Change the permissions of a file or directory
• chown – Change the owner of a file or directory
• cd – Change to another directory location
• cp – Copy a file or directory to another location
• df – Report disk space
• dircmp – Compare contents of files between two directories
• du – Calculate used disk space
• fdupes – Find or remove duplicate files within a directory
• find – Search for files through a directory hierarchy
• fsck – Filesystem check
• ln – Link one file/directory to another
• ls – List directory contents
• lsattr – List file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
• lsof – list open files
• mkdir – Make a directory
• mkfifo – Make a named pipe
• mount – Mount a filesystem
• mv – Move or rename a file or directory
• pwd – Print the current working directory
• rm – Delete a file or directory tree
• readlink – Display value of a symbolic link, or display canonical path for a file
• rmdir – Delete an empty directory
• touch – Create a new file or update its modification time
• tree – Print a depth-indented tree of a given directory
• unlink – System call to remove a file or directory

• afio – Compatible superset of cpio with added functionality
• ar – Maintain, modify, and extract from archives. Now largely obsoleted by tar
• bzip2 – Block-sorting file compressor
• compress – Traditional compressor using the LZW algorithm
• cpio – A traditional archiving tool/format
• gzip – The gzip file compressor
• Info-Zip – PKZIP-compatible utilities
• p7zip – 7zip for unix/linux
• pack, pcat, unpack – included in old versions of ATT Unix. Uses Huffman coding, obsoleted by compress.
• pax – POSIX archive tool that handles multiple formats.
• tar – Tape ARchiver, concatenates files
• uncompress – Uncompresses files compressed with compress.
• zcat – Prints files to stdout from gzip archives without unpacking them to separate file(s)

• awk – A pattern scanning and processing language
• banner – Creates ascii art version of an input string for printing large banners
• cat – Concatenate files to standard output
• cksum – Print the CRC checksum and bytecount of a file (see also MD5)
• cmp – Compare two files byte for byte
• comm – Sort two files and compare them line for line
• csplit – Split a file into sections determined by context lines
• cut – Remove sections from each line of a file or standard input
• diff3 – Compare one text file against two other files
• diff – Compare two text files line by line
• egrep – Extended pattern matching (synonym for "grep -E")
• expand – Convert tabs to spaces
• fc – Processes the command history list
• fgrep – Simplified pattern matching (synonym for "grep -F")
• fold – Wrap each input line to fit within the given width
• grep – Print lines matching a pattern
• head – Output the first parts of a file
• iconv – Convert the encoding of the specified files
• join – Join lines of two files on a common field
• less – Improved more-like text pager
• merge – Three way merge of files (see also paste)
• more – Pager
• nkf – Convert Japanese characters
• nl – Number the lines of a file
• nroff – Fixed-width (non-typesetter) version of the standard Unix typesetting system
• od – Dump files in various formats, e.g. octal
• paste – Merge lines of files
• patch – Change files based on a patch file
• rev – reverse lines of a file
• sed – Stream EDitor
• sort – Sort lines of text files
• split – Split a file into pieces
• tac – cat in reverse — displays files to standard output in reverse order starting at the end of the file
• tail – Output the tail end of files
• tee – Read from standard input, write to standard output and files
• tr – Translate characters
• tsort – Perform a topological sort
• unexpand – Convert spaces to tabs
• uniq – Remove duplicate lines from a sorted file
• uudecode – Decodes a binary file that was used for transmission using electronic mail
• uuencode – Encodes a binary file for transmission using electronic mail
• wc – Word/line/byte count

• acme – Bitmapped text editor and integrated development environment ported from the Plan 9 operating system with client-server design, by Rob Pike. This is the successor of sam.
• ed – Original line-oriented, regular-expression based Unix text editor
• ex – Line-oriented text editor from BSD Unix, originally derived from Unix ed, later augmented by a screen-oriented "visual" mode, creating vi; typically a symbolic link to vi (or vim) causing it to start up in line-editing mode
• GNU Emacs – Freely programmable full-screen text editor and general computing environment (using builtin Elisp, a simple dialect of the Lisp programming language)
• Joe – a screen-oriented text editor using a Wordstar-style command set
• Jove – a screen-oriented text editor using an Emacs-style command set
• MicroEMACS – a screen-oriented text editor using an Emacs-style command set
• nano – Clone of pico (see below)
• NEdit – A Motif based text editor for the X11 windowing system, remniscient of text editors on Mac or Windows systems
• nvi – "New" vi, unencumbered (no remaining original Unix code) reimplementation of ex/vi for the 4.4BSD operating system release
• pico – PIne's message COmposition editor (simple, easy to use screen editor)
• sam – Bitmapped text editor ported from the Plan 9 operating system with client-server design, by Rob Pike
• vi – "Visual" (screen-oriented) text editor (originally ex in screen-oriented "visual" mode)
• VILE – "Vi like Emacs", a vi-like text editor that has been derived from the MicroEMACS text editor
• vim – Vi IMproved, portable vi-compatible editor with multiple buffers, screen splitting, syntax highlighting and a lot of other features not found in standard ex/vi
• XEmacs – Popular version of emacs that is derived from GNU Emacs

• Apache webserver
• efax – integrated fax program
• ftp, sftp – File transfer protocol, SSH file transfer protocol
• HylaFAX – Fax server
• minicom – Connect directly to a computer via modem
• netcat – "TCP/IP Swiss Army knife"
• NFS – Network filesystem
• OpenVPN – virtual private (encrypting) networking software
• Postfix — mail transfer agent
• rsh, SSH, telnet – Remote login
• Samba – SMB and CIFS client and server for UNIX
• Sendmail – popular E-Mail transport software
• talk – Talk to another logged-in user
• uustat – a Basic Networking Utilities (BNU) command that displays status information about several types of BNU operations
• uucp – Transfers files (Unix-to-Unix Copy)
• uux – Remote command execution over UUCP

• elm – (Once very popular) screen-oriented mail program
• mail – Original Unix email program
• mailx/Mail – Improved version of Unix mail from BSD Unix
• mh and nmh – (New) Message Handler
• Mulberry – powerful graphical IMAP-centric e-mail client (Proprietary Software)
• Mutt – screen-oriented mail program
• Opera – Web browser and e-mail client (Proprietary Software)
• Pine – screen-oriented mail and news program, originally derived from elm
• procmail – Automatic mail sorting
• Mozilla Thunderbird – Extensible e-mail client

• fingerd – a daemon for finger – a program used return a human-readable status report on either the system at the moment or a particular person in depth
• inetd – a daemon on many Unix systems that manages Internet services
• xinetd – replacement for inetd

• authbind – used to authorize non-root users to use port numbers below 1024
• dhclient – a DHCP client
• dhcpd – the DHCP daemon
• dhcpcd – a DHCP client-daemon
• ifconfig – a tool used to configure a network interface for TCP/IP
• iwconfig – similar to ifconfig, but is dedicated to wireless networking interfaces
• ping – a network tool that tests of whether a particular host is up and reachable on the network
• pppd – Point-to-Point Protocol daemon
• tcpd – Secures programs launched from inetd

• Ethereal and tethereal – a packet sniffer deprecated in favor of a fork called Wireshark
• ettercap – a tool for network protocol analysis
• John the Ripper – password cracking software
• Nessus – a comprehensive open-source network vulnerability scanning program
• Netstat – displays a list of the active network connections the computer
• Nmap – free port scanning software
• SAINT – System Administrator’s Integrated Network Tool – Network Vulnerability Scanner.
• SATAN – the Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks – a testing and reporting tool that collects information about networked hosts
• Snoop – Solaris packet sniffer
• Snort – an open source network intrusion detection system
• tcpdump – a computer network debugging tool that intercepts and displays TCP/IP packets being transmitted or received
• Wireshark – a protocol analyzer with GUI frontend and various sorting and filtering options that was forked from Ethereal by its original author.

• bash – Bourne Again SHell, (mostly) sh-compatible and csh-compatible, standard shell on Linux systems and Mac OS X.
• csh – C shell. Written by Bill Joy for BSD systems.
• ksh – Korn shell, standard shell on many proprietary Unix systems, powerful successor to the Unix Bourne shell (sh), written by David Korn,
• rc – originally written for Plan 9.
• sh – Bourne shell, only shell present on all UNIX and Unix-like systems, written by Stephen Bourne for Version 7 Unix.
• tcsh – TENEX C shell, standard shell on BSD systems.
• zsh – Z shell.

• awk – Standard Unix pattern scanning and text processing tool.
• perl – Perl scripting language.
• PHP – PHP scripting language.
• Python – Python scripting language.
• Regina REXX – REXX language interpreter
• Ruby – Ruby (programming language

The classic UNIX environment includes a basic set of broadly available programming tools, but in the 21st century this classic environment is increasingly rare, as Unix-like operating system distributions diversify. Some include vastly more, and more modern and sophisticated, programming tools and environments, whereas others, focussing on serving a less technical audience, may exclude even the most rudimentary programming utilities. Commands most familiar to a prior generation of UNIX users include:

• admin – Administer SCCS files.
• as – GNU assembler tool.
• c99 – C programming language.
• cc – C compiler.
• cfront – C++ front-end compiler
• ctags – Generate tags file summarising location of objects in source files.
• dbx – (System V and BSD) Symbolic debugger.
• distcc – Tool for distributing compiles across multiple machines.
• f77 – Fortran 77 compiler.
• gcc – GNU Compiler Collection C frontend (also known as GNU C Compiler)
• gdb – GNU symbolic debugger.
• ktrace – (BSD) Analogous to strace.
• ld – Program linker.
• lex – Lexical scanner generator.
• ltrace – (Linux) Trace dynamic library calls in the address space of the watched process.
• m4 – Macro language.
• make – Automate builds.
• nm – List symbols from object files.
• rmdel – remove a delta from an SCCS file.
• size – return the size of the sections of an ELF file.
• strace – (Linux) or truss (Solaris) Trace system calls with their arguments and signals. Useful debugging tool, but does not trace calls outside the kernel, in the address space of the process(es) being watched.
• strip – Remove debugging symbols from object files.
• yacc – LALR parser generator.

• basename – Returns the final component of a path
• batch – Runs jobs when the system load level permits
• false – Return a value that evaluates as False
• hash – Command that remembers or reports command path names
• printf – Format and print data
• strings – Print strings of printable characters found in a file
• test – Test an expression
• times
• true – Return a value that evaluates as True
• unset – Unsets a shell variable
• xargs – Build and execute command lines from standard input
• expr – Evaluate expressions

• X11 – Graphical user interface (GUI)
  • startx and xinit
  • xterm

• 4dwm – variant of the Motif Window Manager found on Silicon Graphics' IRIX operating system
• Blackbox and its variants (including Fluxbox and Waimea)
• CDE – Common Desktop Environment, most commonly found on proprietary UNIX systems
• dfm – Desktop File Manager resembling OS/2 and designed to work with IceWM
• Enlightenment – an open source window manager for the X Window System
• FVWM and its variant FVWM95, which has been modified to behave like Windows 95 Also FVWM-Crystal that aims to be eye candy
• GNOME – GNU Network Object Model Environment
• IceWM – ICE Window Manager
• Ion (window manager) – tiling and tabbing window manager for the X Window System. Designed for use without a mouse.
• JWM – Joe's Window Manager
• KDE – K Desktop Environment
• MWM – Motif Window Manager
• Quartz Compositor – Apple's GUI interface for the Darwin BSD based operating system Mac OS X
• Window Maker
• WMI – Window Manager Improved
• XFce – a desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms
• EDE

See Script Interpreters.

• ClamAV – E-mail virus scanner.

• Enigmail – Graphical interface to gpg for Mozilla Application Suite and Mozilla Thunderbird.
• gpg – GNU Privacy Guard, a complete and free replacement for PGP (to do file and email encryption and signature).
• mcrypt -- Replacement for the legacy crypt program; can also make OpenPGP-compatible files.
• openssl – Secure Sockets Layer and general crypto library.
• pinepgp – Filters that enable pine to use signed/encrypted email.

• apt – Front-end for dpkg or rpm
• debconf – Debian package configuration management system
• dpkg – The Debian package manager
• drakconf – Front-end configuration utility for Mandriva Linux
• GNU Stow – Links applications from specific directories into a common directory
• emerge – A frontend to portage
• pacman – A package manager used primarily by Arch Linux
• portage – The Gentoo Linux package manager
• rpm – Originally the package manager for Red Hat Linux, now used by several distributions including Mandriva Linux
• Synaptic – GTK+ frontend for the apt package manager. Primarily used by Ubuntu Linux, Debian Sarge, and other Debian-based systems; but usable on any system using apt.
• urpmi – Front-end to rpm, used by Mandriva Linux
• YaST - System management utility mainly used by SuSE
• yum - Front-end for rpm, used by Fedora

• defaults (software) – Access the Mac OS X user defaults system
• fink – The Fink package manager
• open – opens it's argument(s) in the GUI as if the user had double clicked
• osacompile – Compile AppleScripts and other OSA language scripts
• osalang – Information about installed OSA languages
• osascript – Execute AppleScripts and other OSA language scripts
• say – Convert text to audible speech

• AbiWord
• Gnumeric
• KOffice
• OpenOffice.org

• Amarok – Audio jukebox
• Ardour – Digital audio workstation for multitrack HD recording and editing
• Audacity – Sound recording and editing program
• Baudline – Audio recorder, analyzer, and player
• GIMP – Powerful image manipulation package
• GStreamer – Plugin-based multimedia framework
• ImageMagick – Image conversion library
• Inkscape – Vector graphics editor
• mpg123 – MP3 player
• MPlayer – General-purpose media player
• Netpbm – package of graphics programs and programming library
• Rhythmbox – Audio jukebox similar to Apple's iTunes
• Rosegarden – Powerful digital audio workstation
• SoX – Sound conversion tool
• Totem – Media player
• transcode – Flexible command-line media encoding tool
• VLC media player – Video player
• xine – Video Player
• XMMS – Winamp-like multimedia player

• Amaya – W3C web browser and editor
• Dillo – Extremely light-weight web browser
• ELinks – Enhanced links
• Epiphany – Light-weight GNOME web browser
• Galeon – Light-weight old GNOME web browser
• IceWeasel – GNU and Debian version of Mozilla Firefox
• Konqueror – KDE web browser
• Links – Console based web browser
• lynx – Console based web browser
• Mozilla Application Suite – Graphical cross platform web browser & email client
• Mozilla Firefox – Extensible Web browser
• Opera – Web browser and e-mail client (Proprietary Software)
• w3m – Console based web browser

• LaTeX – Popular TeX macro package for higher-level typesetting
• lp – Print a file (on a line printer)
• Passepartout – Desktop publishing program
• pr – Convert text files for printing
• Scribus – Desktop publishing program
• TeX – Macro-based typesetting system
• troff – The original and standard Unix typesetting system
• groff GNU replacement of troff

• DB2
• Firebird
• MySQL
• Oracle
• PostgreSQL
• Progress Software
• SQLite
• Sybase

• maxima – Symbol manipulation program.
• octave – Numerical computing language (mostly compatible with Matlab) and environment.
• R – Statistical programming language.
• units – Unit conversion program.

• bc – An arbitrary precision calculator language with syntax similar to the C programming language.
• cal – Displays a calendar
• dc – Reverse-Polish desk calculator which supports unlimited precision arithmetic
• fortune – Fortune cookie program that prints a random quote

• List of Unix daemons
• List of GNU packages
• List of open source software packages
• List of KDE applications
• List of GNOME applications

• Rosetta Stone For *Nix - configurable list of equivalent programs for *nix systems.
• FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory – A catalog of useful free software
• Freshmeat software catalog – The Web's largest index of Unix and cross-platform software
• SourceForge – The world's largest development and download repository of Open Source code and applications
• Linux Links: Software – Linux software catalog
• Linux Online - Applications – Linux software catalog
• The Unix Acronym List – explains the names of many Unix commands
• The Computer Technology Documentation Project: Linux User Management

view • talk • edit Unix command line programs and builtins (more)
File and file system management:	cat | cd | chmod | chown | chgrp | cp | du | df | file | fsck | ln | ls | lsof | mkdir | mount | mv | pwd | rm | rmdir | split | touch
Process management:	at | chroot | crontab | exit | kill | killall | nice | pgrep | pidof | pkill | ps | sleep | time | top | wait | watch
User Management/Environment:	env | finger | id | mesg | passwd | su | sudo | uname | uptime | w | wall | who | whoami | write
Text processing:	awk | comm | cut | ex | head | iconv | join | less | more | paste | sed | sort | tail | tr | uniq | wc | xargs
Shell programming:	echo | expr | printf | unset	Printing:	lp
Communications: inetd | netstat | ping | rlogin | traceroute	Searching: find | grep | strings	Miscellaneous: banner | bc | cal | man | size | yes