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List of charismatic leaders as defined by Max Weber's classification of authority
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This is a list of people whose leadership has been characterized as based on charismatic authority by listed sources. Charismatic authority is a sociological concept and one of three forms of authority as defined by Max Weber's tripartite classification of authority.
Weber defines charismatic authority as: "resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him."
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- Mahatma Gandhi[6] (also involved in religion)
- Further information: List of founders of religious traditions
- A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada[17] (1896 – 1977)
- Billy Graham[19] (1918 - )
- Charles Taze Russell[17] (1852 – 1916)
- Moses David Berg[20] (1919 - 1994)
- Joseph Smith[17][20] (1805 – 1844)
- L. Ron Hubbard[17] (1911 – 1986)
- Martin Luther[22] (1483 – 1546)
- Nirmala Srivastava, also called Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi.[26] (1923 - )
- Prem Rawat, known to his students as Maharaji.[27][28][29] (1957 - )
- Sathya Sai Baba[30] (1926 -)
- Sun Myung Moon[31][20] (1920 - )
- Werner Erhard[6] (1935 - )
- ^ Barr, John J: The Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of Social Credit in Alberta, 1974, ISBN 0-7710-1015-X
- ^ http://www.ataturk.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26 http://www.mrdowling.com/608-ataturk.html
- ^ As Fidel Fades Washington Quarterly 2001 : Psychology of a Charismatic Leader
- ^ Towards a theory of the routinization of Charisma
- ^ Leadership Review Erin Bream
- ^ a b c d Oakes, Len: Prophetic Charisma: The Psychology of Revolutionary Religious Personalities, 1997, ISBN 0-8156-0398-3
- ^ a b Post, Jerrold M. The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders: With Profiles of Saddam Hussein and Bill Clinton (2003), p.379, p.428, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-09838-1
- ^ Margry, Peter Jan: The Murder of Pim Fortuyn and Collective Emotions. Hype, Hysteria, and Holiness in the Netherlands? published in the Dutch magazine Etnofoor: Antropologisch tijdschrift nr. 16 pages 106-131, 2003,English version available online
- ^ Kershaw, Ian Hitler, 1936-1945: Nemesis
- ^ http://www.allenandunwin.com/shopping/ProductDetails.aspx?ISBN=1865084506
- ^ Sutton, John,Law/Society: Origins, Interactions, and Change () p.112, Pine Forge Press, ISBN 0-7619-8705-3
- ^ Clecak, P. America's Quest for the Ideal Self: Dissent and Fulfillment in the 60s and 70s, (1985), p.306 ,Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-503544-5
- ^ http://www.madman.com.au/actions/catalogue.do?method=view&releaseId=1880
- ^ Wallison, Peter J. Ronald Reagan: The Power of Conviction and the Restoration of the Presidency (1994). p.94. Westview Pres. ISBN 0-8133-4046-2
- ^ Walton, Douglas. The Place of Emotion in Argument (1992), Pen State Press, ISBN 0-271-00853-9
- ^ Hershey H. Friedman, Ph.D., and Mitchell Langbert, Ph.D., "Abraham as a Transformational Leader", Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 7:2, Spring 2000, 88-95. [1]
- ^ a b c d Unrecognized charisma? A study and comparison of four charismatic leaders: Charles Taze Russell, Joseph Smith, L Ron Hubbard, Swami Prabhupada. by George D. Chryssides Paper presented at the 2001 International Conference The Spiritual Supermarket: Religious Pluralism in the 21st Century, organised by INFORM and CESNUR (London, April 19-22, 2001) ([2] Available online])
- ^ http://www.flameout.org/flameout/gurus/dafreejohn_franklin.html
- ^ Judith Smart, "The Evangelist as Star: The Billy Graham Crusade in Australia, 1959", The Journal of Popular Culture 33. [3]
- ^ a b c d Robbins, ThomasCharisma in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Society edited by William H. Swatos (February 1998) ISBN 0-7619-8956-0
- ^ "Elijah" Jewish Virtual Library, American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.[4] Available online.
- ^ "Martin Luther", Encyclopedia Britannica, [5]
- ^ Unit for Jewish Education in the CIS, "The Leadership of Moses", Department for Jewish Zionist Education, the Jewish Agency for Israel. [6] Available online.
- ^ Chilton, B., Neusner, J. Types of Authority in Formative Christianity and Judaism, () p.73, Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-17325-6
"[...] for Judaism, the model of charismatic authority coincided with the model of political authority, namely the person of Moses, ruler and prophet at once" - ^ [7]
- ^ Coney, Judith. Sahaja Yoga, Routledge, 1999 ISBN 0700710612 Chapter Five, "Learning to Love Mother" - "By their very nature, new religious movements and charismatic leadership go toegether, and Sahaja Yoga is typical in this respect...Only then is a description given of the ways in which Sri Mataji's charismatic authority is established and maintained...As a result of the intimacy devotees feel they enjoy, and whether or not they are in close proximity to the leader, each experiences him or herself as having a one-to-one relationship with the leader (Weber 1968, 254)...On the other hand, charismatic leaders, As weber pointed out, delight in breaking with tradition (Gerth and Mills 1981 250). This observation begs the question of what other factors have led tot he idealisation of womanhood in Sahaja Yoga as nurturing and passive. Arguably, Sri Mataji's need to retain an elevated position within the community is an obvious consideration. To do so, it is important that she differentiate herself from other women in order to vouchsafe her charismatic status."
- ^ a b Schnabel, Paul Dr. (Dutch language) Between stigma and charisma: new religious movements and mental health Erasmus university Rotterdam, Faculty of Medicine, Ph.D. thesis, ISBN 90-6001-746-3 (Deventer, Van Loghum Slaterus, 1982) p. 99. "De meest zuivere voorbeelden van charismatisch leiderschap zijn op dit moment wel Bhagwan en Maharaj Ji. Daaruit blijkt meteen al hoe persoonlijke kwaliteiten alleen onvoldoende zijn voor de erkenning van het charismatisch leiderschap. De intelligente, steeds wisselende en dagelijks optredende Bhagwan is niet meer een charismatisch leider dan de verwende materialistische en intellectueel weinig opmerkelijke Maharaj Ji. Als charismatisch leider hebben beiden overigens wel een eigen publiek en een eigen functie."
- ^ Dupertuis, Lucy. How People Recognize Charisma: The Case of Darshan in Radhasoami and Divine Light Mission, Sociological Analysis 47 (1986) pp.111-24
- ^ McGuire, Meredith B. "Religion: the Social Context" fifth edition (2002) ISBN 0-534-54126-7 Chapter. 5 "The dynamics of religious collectivities", section “How Religious Collectivities Develop and Change’’, sub-section "Organizational Transformations" page 175 "As Weber pointed out, the long-term impact of a movement hinges on transformation of bases of authority and leadership from a charismatic mode to either traditional or legal-traditional rational structures. When a movement becomes established, there is a strong tendency for the organization to calcify around the memory of the early dynamism; its own tradition becomes the rationalization for why things should be done in a certain way. Early stages of a movement organization involve simple structures such as the charismatic leader and followers or leader, core followers, and other followers. The transition to legal-rational structures is typically accompanied by the elaboration and standardization of procedures, the emergence of specialized statuses and roles, and the formalizing of communication among members. The early years of the Divine Light Mission (DLM) in the United States were characterized by rapidly growing, loosely affiliated local ashrams (i.e., groups of devotees, usually living communally), united mainly by the devotion to the ambiguous charismatic figure of Guru Maharaj Ji. As the DLM became increasingly structured and centralized, leadership and power focused in the Denver headquarters. The guru's desire to consolidate his power and authority over the movement in the United States resulted in greater formalization: rules and regulation for ashram living, standards for recruited "candidates", and pressure toward certifying movements teachers. " (Thomas Pilarzyk ‘’The origin, development, and decline of a youth culture religion: An application of the sectarianization theory’’ in Review of Religious Research 20, 1:33-37, 1978) ”
- ^ Taylor, Donald Charismatic authority in the Sathya Sai Baba movement in Hinduism in Great Britain, Richard Burghart (ed.), 1987, London/New York: Tavistock Publications, pp. 130-131. excerpt "Sathya Sai Baba’s charismatic authority is vulnerable to challenge from both outside and within the movement."
- ^ Bromley, David G. and Anson D. Shupe Moonies in America. Cult, Church and - Crusade Beverly Hills, Sage (1979) page 110 "a living, awe - inspiring leader who is the medium of ongoing supernatural revelation"
- Knott, Kim Dr. South Asian Religions in Britain page 766, Table 22.1 in the Handbook of Living Religions edited by John R. Hinnels (1997), second edition, ISBN 0-14-051480-5