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This is a list of state leaders, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems; it should be noted that often a leader is both in presidential systems or dictatorships. Some states have semi-presidential systems where the head of government role is fulfilled by both the listed head of government and the head of state.

State	Government	Head of state	Head of government
Afghanistan	presidential republic	President Hamid Karzai
Albania	parliamentary republic	President Alfred Moisiu	Prime Minister Sali Berisha
Algeria	semi-presidential republic	President Abdelaziz Bouteflika	Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem
Andorra	parliamentary monarchy	Co-Princes Joan Enric Vives Sicília (represented by Nemesi Marqués Oste) and Jacques Chirac (represented by Philippe Massoni)	Head of Government Albert Pintat
Angola	presidential republic	President José Eduardo dos Santos	Prime Minister Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
Antigua and Barbuda	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Sir James Carlisle	Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer
Argentina	presidential republic	President Néstor Kirchner
Armenia	presidential republic	President Robert Kocharian	Prime Minister (vacant)
Australia	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Michael Jeffery	Prime Minister John Howard
Austria	parliamentary republic	President Heinz Fischer	Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer
Azerbaijan	presidential republic	President İlham Aliyev	Prime Minister Artur Rasizade
Bahamas, The	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Arthur Dion Hanna	Prime Minister Perry Christie
Bahrain	semi-constitutional monarchy	King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa	Prime Minister Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa
Bangladesh	parliamentary republic	President Iajuddin Ahmed	Chief Adviser Fakhruddin Ahmed
Barbados	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Sir Clifford Husbands	Prime Minister Owen Arthur
Belarus	presidential republic	President Aleksandr Lukashenko	Prime Minister Sergey Sidorsky
Belgium	parliamentary monarchy	King Albert II	Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt
Belize	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Sir Colville Young	Prime Minister Said Musa
Benin	presidential republic	President Yayi Boni
Bhutan	absolute monarchy	Dragon King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck	Prime Minister Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk
Bolivia	presidential republic	President Evo Morales
Bosnia and Herzegovina	federal parliamentary representative democratic republic	Tripartite presidency3: Chairmen of the Presidency Nebojša Radmanović, Haris Silajdžić, Željko Komšić	Prime Minister Nikola Špirić
Botswana	presidential republic	President Festus Mogae
Brazil	presidential republic	President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Brunei	absolute monarchy	Sultan and Prime Minister Sir Hassanal Bolkiah
Bulgaria	parliamentary republic	President Georgi Parvanov	Prime Minister Sergey Stanishev
Burkina Faso	presidential republic	President Blaise Compaoré	Prime Minister Paramanga Ernest Yonli
Burundi	presidential republic	President Pierre Nkurunziza
Cambodia	parliamentary monarchy	King Norodom Sihamoni	Prime Minister Samdech Hun Sen
Cameroon	presidential republic	President Paul Biya	Prime Minister Ephraïm Inoni
Canada	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor General Michaëlle Jean	Prime Minister Stephen Harper
Cape Verde	semi-presidential republic	President Pedro Pires	Prime Minister José Maria Neves
Central African Republic	presidential republic	President François Bozizé	Prime Minister Élie Doté
Chad	presidential republic	President Idriss Déby	Prime Minister Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye
Chile	presidential republic	President Michelle Bachelet
China, People's Republic of	Communist Party-led republic	President Hu Jintao	Premier Wen Jiabao
Colombia	presidential republic	President Álvaro Uribe
Comoros	presidential republic	President Ahmed Abdallah Sambi
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	semi-presidential republic	President Joseph Kabila	Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga
Congo, Republic of the	presidential republic	President Denis Sassou-Nguesso
Costa Rica	presidential republic	President Óscar Arias
Côte d'Ivoire	presidential republic	President Laurent Gbagbo	Prime Minister Guillaume Soro
Croatia	parliamentary republic	President Stjepan Mesić	Prime Minister Ivo Sanader
Cuba	Socialist republic	President Fidel Castro (away from office) Raúl Castro (acting for Fidel)	Prime Minister Fidel Castro (away from office) Raúl Castro (acting for Fidel)
Cyprus	presidential republic	President Tassos Papadopoulos
Czech Republic	parliamentary republic	President Václav Klaus	Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek
Denmark	parliamentary monarchy	Queen Margrethe II	Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Djibouti	presidential republic	President Ismail Omar Guelleh	Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita
Dominica	parliamentary republic	President Nicholas Liverpool	Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic	presidential republic	President Leonel Fernández
East Timor	parliamentary republic	President Xanana Gusmão	Prime Minister José Ramos-Horta
Ecuador	presidential republic	President Rafael Correa
Egypt	presidential republic	President Hosni Mubarak	Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif
El Salvador	presidential republic	President Antonio Saca
Equatorial Guinea	presidential republic	President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo	Prime Minister Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea
Eritrea	parliamentary republic	President Isaias Afewerki
Estonia	parliamentary republic	President Toomas Hendrik Ilves	Prime Minister Andrus Ansip
Ethiopia	parliamentary republic	President Girma Wolde-Giorgis	Prime Minister Meles Zenawi
Fiji	military dictatorship	President Ratu Josefa Iloilo	Interim Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama
Finland	semi-presidential republic	President Tarja Halonen	Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen
France	semi-presidential republic	President Jacques Chirac	Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin
Gabon	presidential republic	President Omar Bongo	Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong
Gambia, The	presidential republic	President Yahya Jammeh
Georgia	presidential republic	President Mikhail Saakashvili	Prime Minister Zurab Noghaideli
Germany	parliamentary republic	President Horst Köhler	Chancellor Angela Merkel
Ghana	presidential republic	President John Kufuor
Greece	parliamentary republic	President Karolos Papoulias	Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis
Grenada	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Sir Daniel Williams	Prime Minister Keith Mitchell
Guatemala	presidential republic	President Óscar Berger
Guinea	presidential republic	President Lansana Conté	Prime Minister Lansana Kouyate
Guinea-Bissau	presidential republic	President João Bernardo Vieira	Prime Minister (vacant)
Guyana	presidential republic	President Bharrat Jagdeo	Prime Minister Sam Hinds
Haiti	presidential republic	President René Préval	Prime Minister Jacques-Édouard Alexis
Honduras	presidential republic	President Manuel Zelaya
Hungary	parliamentary republic	President László Sólyom	Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány
Iceland	parliamentary republic	President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson	Prime Minister Geir Haarde
India	parliamentary republic	President Abdul Kalam	Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
Indonesia	presidential republic	President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Iran	presidential republic under theocratic tutelage	Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei; President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Iraq	parliamentary republic	President Jalal Talabani	Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki
Ireland	parliamentary republic	President Mary McAleese	Taoiseach Bertie Ahern
Israel	parliamentary republic	President Moshe Katsav (away from office) Dalia Itzik (interim)	Prime Minister Ehud Olmert
Italy	parliamentary republic	President Giorgio Napolitano	Prime Minister Romano Prodi
Jamaica	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Kenneth Hall	Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller
Japan	parliamentary monarchy	Emperor Akihito5	Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
Jordan	semi-constitutional monarchy	King Abdullah II	Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit
Kazakhstan	presidential republic	President Nursultan Nazarbayev	Prime Minister Karim Masimov
Kenya	presidential republic	President Mwai Kibaki
Kiribati	presidential republic	President Anote Tong
Korea, North	Communist Party-led republic	Eternal President2 (the late) Kim Il Sung; Chairman of the National Defence Commission Kim Jong Il (regarded as "highest administrative authority"); Head of State for Foreign Affairs as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong Nam	Premier Pak Pong Ju
Korea, South	presidential republic	President Roh Moo Hyun	Prime Minister of South Korea Han Duck-soo
Kuwait	semi-constitutional monarchy	Emir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah	Prime Minister Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan	presidential republic	President Kurmanbek Bakiyev	Prime Minister Almazbek Atambayev
Laos	Communist Party-led republic	President Choummaly Sayasone	Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh
Latvia	parliamentary republic	President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga	Prime Minister Aigars Kalvītis
Lebanon	semi-presidential confessional republic	President Émile Lahoud	Prime Minister Fouad Siniora
Lesotho	parliamentary monarchy	King Letsie III	Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili
Liberia	presidential republic	President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
Libya	jamahiriya	President Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani (official head of state); Leader of the Revolution Muammar al-Qaddafi (de facto head of state)	Prime Minister Baghdadi Mahmudi
Liechtenstein	semi-constitutional monarchy	Sovereign Prince Hans-Adam II; Prince-Regent Alois	Head of Government Otmar Hasler
Lithuania	parliamentary republic	President Valdas Adamkus	Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas
Luxembourg	parliamentary monarchy	Grand Duke Henri	Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker
Macedonia, Republic of	semi-presidential republic	President Branko Crvenkovski	Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski
Madagascar	presidential republic	President Marc Ravalomanana	Prime Minister Charles Rabemananjara
Malawi	presidential republic	President Bingu wa Mutharika
Malaysia	parliamentary monarchy	Yang di-Pertuan Agong Mizan Zainal Abidin	Prime Minister Dato' Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Maldives	presidential republic	President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
Mali	presidential republic	President Amadou Toumani Touré	Prime Minister Ousmane Issoufi Maïga
Malta	parliamentary republic	President Edward Fenech Adami	Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi
Marshall Islands	presidential republic	President Kessai Note
Mauritania	military junta	Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy Col. Ely Ould Mohamed Vall	Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar
Mauritius	parliamentary republic	President Sir Anerood Jugnauth	Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam
Mexico	presidential republic	President Felipe Calderón
Federated States of Micronesia	presidential republic	President Joseph Urusemal
Moldova	semi-presidential republic	President Vladimir Voronin	Prime Minister Vasile Tarlev
Monaco	constitutional monarchy	Sovereign Prince Albert II	Minister of State Jean-Paul Proust
Mongolia	semi-presidential republic	President Nambaryn Enkhbayar	Prime Minister Miyeegombo Enkhbold
Montenegro	parliamentary republic	President Filip Vujanović	Prime Minister Željko Šturanović
Morocco	semi-constitutional monarchy	King Muhammad VI	Prime Minister Driss Jettou
Mozambique	presidential republic	President Armando Guebuza
Myanmar	military junta without representative institutions	Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Sr. Gen. Than Shwe	Prime Minister Soe Win
Namibia	presidential republic	President Hifikepunye Pohamba
Nauru	parliamentary republic	President Ludwig Scotty
Nepal	monarchy (in suspend since 2007 till constituent assembly election)	Kings of Nepal Girija Prasad Koirala (Interim)	Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala
Netherlands	parliamentary monarchy	Queen Beatrix	Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende
New Zealand	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General of New Zealand Anand Satyanand	Prime Minister Helen Clark
Nicaragua	presidential republic	President Daniel Ortega
Niger	presidential republic	President Tandja Mamadou	Prime Minister Hama Amadou
Nigeria	presidential republic	President Olusegun Obasanjo
Norway	parliamentary monarchy	King Harald V	Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg
Oman	absolute monarchy	Sultan Qaboos bin Sa’id Al ‘Bu Sa’id
Pakistan	presidential republic	President General Pervez Musharraf	Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz
Palau	presidential republic	President Tommy Remengesau
Panama	presidential republic	President Martín Torrijos
Papua New Guinea	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Sir Paulias Matane	Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare
Paraguay	presidential republic	President Nicanor Duarte
Peru	presidential republic	President Alan García	Prime Minister Jorge del Castillo
Philippines	presidential republic	President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Poland	parliamentary republic	President Lech Kaczyński	Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński
Portugal	parliamentary republic	President Aníbal Cavaco Silva	Prime Minister José Sócrates
Qatar	absolute monarchy	Emir Hamad ibn Khalifa Al Thani	Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah ibn Khalifa Al Thani
Romania	semi-presidential republic	President Traian Băsescu	Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
Russia	semi-presidential republic	President Vladimir Putin	Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov
Rwanda	presidential republic	President Paul Kagame	Prime Minister Bernard Makuza
Saint Kitts and Nevis	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Sir Cuthbert Sebastian	Prime Minister Denzil Douglas
Saint Lucia	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Dame Pearlette Louisy	Prime Minister Sir John Compton
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	parliamentary monarchy1	Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Sir Frederick Ballantyne	Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves
Samoa	parliamentary monarchy	O le Ao o le Malo Malietoa Tanumafili II	Prime Minister Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi
San Marino	parliamentary republic	Captains-Regent Antonio Carattoni and Roberto Giorgetti	Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Fiorenzo Stolfi
São Tomé and Príncipe	semi-presidential republic	President Fradique de Menezes	Prime Minister Tomé Vera Cruz
Saudi Arabia	absolute monarchy	King and Prime Minister Abdullah
Senegal	presidential republic	President Abdoulaye Wade	Prime Minister Macky Sall
Serbia	parliamentary republic	President Boris Tadić	Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica
Seychelles	presidential republic	President James Michel
Sierra Leone	presidential republic	President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
Singapore	parliamentary republic	President Sellapan Ramanathan	Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
Slovakia	parliamentary republic	President Ivan Gašparovič	Prime Minister Robert Fico