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Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright. Her 1959 drama A Raisin in the Sun was the first drama written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway, and was the winner of the New York Drama Critics' Circle's Best Play award for the 1958-59 season. The play has become a classic.

Contents 1 Biography 2 A Raisin In The Sun 3 Legacy 4 Litigation 5 Her Works 6 Trivia 7 Bibliography 8 Notes 9 See also 10 External links

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Hansberry was the youngest child of Carl Augustus Hansberry (a prominent real estate broker) and Nannie Perry Hansberry. She grew up on the south side of Chicago in the Woodlawn neighborhood.

Her parents were Republicans who bequeathed their race pride  to their daughter (prior to the 1932 presidential election, a majority of African-Americans voted Republican).

When she was eight, the family moved into an all white neighborhood, where they faced racial discrimination. Hansberry attended a predominantly white public school while her parents fought against segregation. Hansberry's father engaged in a legal battle against a racially Restrictive covenant that attempted to prohibit African-American families from buying homes in the area. The legal struggle over their move led to the landmark Supreme Court case of Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32 (1940). Though victors in the Supreme Court, Hansberry's family was subjected to what Hansberry would later describe as a "hellishily hostile white neighborhood." This experience later inspired her to write her most famous work, A Raisin in the Sun.

Hansberry attended the University of ben and worked on the staff of Freedom magazine. It was at this time she wrote A Raisin in the Sun. The play was a huge success. It was the first play written by an African American woman and produced on Broadway. It also received the New York Drama Critics Award making Hansberry the youngest and first African American to receive the Award. She then moved to New york in 1950.

She married Robert Nemiroff, a Jewish literature student and songwriter, in 1953. They separated in 1957 and divorced in 1964.

Although Hansberry never openly declared her lesbian identity, she wrote significant, pseudoanonymous letters to The Ladder, one of the first lesbian publications in the United States that was published by The Daughters of Bilitis: [1] and [2]

She died of pancreatic cancer on January 12, 1965 at the age of 34.

Lorraine's 1959 play A Raisin in the Sun made her the first black woman to win the New York Drama Critics' Circle's Best Play award. The play has become a classic. In 2004, A Raisin in the Sun received a Broadway revival earning Tony Awards for Phylicia Rashad and Audra McDonald.

The Sign in Sydney Brustein's Window ran for 101 performances on Broadway and closed the night she died. Her ex-husband Nemiroff became the literary executor for several of her unfinished works. Notably, he adapted many of her writings into the play, To Be Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Off-Broadway play of the 1968-1969 season. It appeared in book form the following year under the title, To Be Young, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words.

She left behind an unfinished novel and three unfinished plays.

After her success with A Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry became the foremother of African American drama and many who followed felt a great debt to her vision. She also contributed to the understanding of abortions, discrimination, and Africa. In San Francisco, The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre, which specializes in original stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is named in honor of Lorraine Hansberry. Singer and pianist Nina Simone, who was a close friend of Hansberry, used the title of her unfinished play to write a civil rights song; "to be young gifted and black" together with Weldon Irvine. The single reached the top 10 of the R&B charts. ^[1] A studio recording was released as a single and the first live recording on october 26, 1969 was captured on Black Gold (1970). Simone introduces the song with a speech in which she tells how much she misses Hansberry, but also saying that she is still among us.

The experiences in her play A Raisin in the Sun are also the subject of the lawsuit Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32 (1940), in which the Hansberry family fought to have their day in court because a previous action about racially motivated restrictive covenants (Burke v. Kleiman, 277 Ill. App. 519 (1934)) was similar to the case at hand. They won their right to be heard as a matter of Due Process of Law in relation to the Fourteenth Amendment because the first suit was not directed towards a class of defendants but only those defendants individually.

Interestingly, the plaintiff Burke, who had led the suit to enforce the racial restriction in 1934 actually sold his home to Carl Hansberry (Lorraine's Father) when he changed his mind about the validity of the covenant.

Lorraine reflects upon the litigation in her book To Be Young Gifted and Black:

"25 years ago, [my father] spend a small personal fortune, his considerable talents, and many years of his life fighting, in association with NAACP attorneys, Chicago’s ‘restrictive covenants’ in one of this nations ugliest ghettos. That fight also required our family to occupy with disputed property in a hellishly hostile ‘white neighborhood’ in which literally howling mobs surrounded our house… My memories of this ‘correct’ way of fighting white supremacy in America including being spat at, cursed and pummeled in the daily trek to and from school. And I also remember my desperate and courageous mother, patrolling our household all night with a loaded German [L]uger [pistol], doggedly guarding her four children, while my father fought the respectable part of the battle in the Washington court."

• A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
• A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
• On Summer (Essay) (---)
• The Drinking Gourd (1960)
• The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle for Equality (1964)
• The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window (1965)
• To Be Young, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words (1970)
• Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays / by Lorraine Hansberry Edited by Robert Nemiroff (1994)

a famous qoute of Lorraine Hansberry was "To be young, gifted, and Black"

She is the first cousin of stage director and playwright Shaunielle Perry.

• James, Rosetta. Cliff Notes on Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun. Lincoln, Nebraska: Cliff Notes Inc, 1992
• Lorraine Hansberry (1930 - 1965) ” http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/corhans.htm 2003

1. ^ http://www.boscarol.com/nina/html/where/tobeyounggifted.html

• African American literature

• Biography
• PAL: Perspectives in American Literature
• Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color - Lorraine Hansberry
• Lorraine Hansberry's Gravesite