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Marion King Hubbert (October 5, 1903 – October 11, 1989) was a geoscientist who worked at the Shell research lab in Houston, Texas. He made several important contributions to geology and geophysics, most notably the Hubbert curve and Hubbert peak theory (or peak oil), with important political ramifications. He was often referred to as "M. King Hubbert" or "King Hubbert".

Contents 1 Biography 2 Research 2.1 Summary of Contributions 3 Accolades 4 Citation 5 See also 6 External links 7 References

Hubbert was born in San Saba, Texas. He attended the University of Chicago, where he received his B.S. in 1926, his M.S. in 1928, and his Ph.D in 1937, studying geology, mathematics, and physics. He worked as an assistant geologist for the Amerada Petroleum Company for two years while pursuing his Ph.D. He joined the Shell Oil Company in 1943, retiring from that firm in 1964. After he retired from Shell, he became a senior research geophysicist for the United States Geological Survey until his retirement in 1976. He also held positions as a professor of geology and geophysics at Stanford University from 1963 to 1968, and as a professor at UC Berkeley from 1973 to 1976.

Hubbert was also an avid Technocrat. He became a member of Technocracy Incorporated and contributed significantly to the Technocracy Study Course.

Hubbert made several contributions to geophysics, including a mathematical demonstration that rock in the Earth's crust, because it is under immense pressure in large areas, should exhibit plasticity, similar to clay. This demonstration explained the observed results that the Earth' s crust deforms over time. He also studied the flow of underground fluids.

Hubbert is most well-known for his studies on the capacities of oil fields and natural gas reserves. He predicted that, for any given geographical area, from an individual oil field to the planet as a whole, the rate of petroleum production of the reserve over time would resemble a bell curve. Based on his theory, in a paper^[1] that he presented to the 1956 meeting of the American Petroleum Institute in San Antonio, Texas, Hubbert made the prediction that overall petroleum production would peak in the United States in the late 1960s to the early 1970s. He became famous when this prediction came true in 1970. The curve he used in his analysis is known as the Hubbert curve, and the peak of the curve is known as the Hubbert peak.

Between October 17, 1973, and March 1974, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ceased shipments of petroleum to the United States, causing what has been called the 1973 energy crisis. In 1975, with the United States still suffering from high petroleum prices, the National Academy of Sciences confirmed their acceptance of Hubbert's calculations on oil and natural gas depletion, and acknowledged that their earlier, more optimistic estimates had been incorrect. This garnered great media attention for Hubbert.

In 1974, Hubbert projected that global oil production would peak in 1995 at 12-GB/yr "if current trends continue".^[2] Various subsequent predictions have been made by others as trends have fluctuated in the intervening years. Hubbert's theory, and its implications for the world economy, remain controversial.

Originally convinced that solar power was too diffuse to be used, by 1988 Hubbert had reversed his position and believed that solar power would be a practical renewable energy replacement for fossil fuels.

Hubbert's contributions to science have been summarized ^[3] as follows:

• Correct statement of Darcy's Law.
• Mathematical demonstration that rock in the Earth's crust is plastic, and that the Earth's crust deforms over time.
• Prediction of migration paths of hydrocarbons.
• Demonstration that the Earth's endowment of crude oil is finite.

Hubbert was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was long affiliated with the Geological Society of America, receiving their Arthur L. Day Medal in 1954, being elected President of the Society in 1962, and receiving the Society's Penrose Medal in 1973. He received the Vetlesen Prize from the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation and Columbia University in 1981.

• Our ignorance is not so vast as our failure to use what we know.

• Technocracy Incorporated
• Technocracy Study Course
• Technical Alliance
• Willard Gibbs
• Howard Scott

• Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: M. King Hubbert
• hubbertpeak.com : M. King Hubbert,citation
• Technocracy, Hubbert and peak oil Article from The North American Technocrat
• Tribute to M. King Hubbert
• Technocracy Study Course (TSC) (PDF)

Other references:

• Hubbert, M.K. (1956), Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels, text version.

• The Texas State Historical Association (December 4, 2002), Handbook of Texas Online: Hubbert, Marion King. Accessed July 27, 2004.

• National Academy of Sciences (1990), Tribute to M. King Hubbert. Printed in "Letter to Members", Volume 19--Number 4, April 1990. Available at Tribute to M. King Hubbert, accessed at July 27, 2004.

• Patzek, Tadeusz W., Hubbert Cycle Lecture, University of Wisconsin Energy Institute, 2006.

• Hubbert's biography and quotes on Hubbert Peak of Oil Production M. King Hubbert. Accessed March 27, 2005.

• Interview with Steve Andrews; March 5, 1988