From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is part of the series: The Western Sahara conflict Western Sahara

History of Western Sahara Spanish Sahara Spanish Morocco Spanish colonial wars in Morocco Moroccan Army of Liberation Green March Madrid Accords UN visiting mission ICJ Advisory Opinion Settlement Plan MINURSO Houston Agreement Baker Plan Autonomy for Western Sahara Politics of Western Sahara Berm (Western Sahara) Morocco Politics of Morocco CORCAS Sahrawi Republic Polisario Front Former members of Polisario Human rights in Western Sahara

v • d • e

The Madrid Accords, Madrid Agreement or Madrid Pact was a treaty between Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania to end the Spanish presence in the territory of Spanish Sahara, until then a Spanish province and former colony. It was signed in Madrid on November 14, 1975, and ratified by the Spanish Parliament (Cortes) on November 18. As a consequence, the territory would be divided between Morocco and Mauritania.

Contents 1 Background 1.1 Motivations of the parties 2 Content and importance 3 Results 4 International status of the Accords 5 Text of the Madrid Accords: 6 Further reading 7 External links

The province's future had been in dispute for several years, with both Morocco and Mauritania demanding its full annexation to their territory, while Spain attempted to bring about either a regime of internal autonomy, or a pro-Spanish independent state; additionally, the Polisario Front, a movement of indigenous Sahrawis, sought independence through guerilla warfare. The United Nations had since 1963 regarded the area as a colony, and demanded self-determination for it in accordance with General Assembly Resolution 1514.

The Madrid Accords followed on the heels of the Green March, a 350,000 strong Moroccan demonstration called by king Hassan II, intended to put pressure on Spanish authorities. Rabat had been claiming the territory as historically Moroccan since its accession to independence in 1956. Immediately after independence, the Moroccan Liberation Army's southern branch, the Saharan Liberation Army, had battled Spanish troops in Sidi Ifni, Saguia el-Hamra and down to Rio de Oro, and managed to free most of the territory; Madrid regained full control only in 1958 with French help. Moroccan demands for the territory continued in the 1960s and increased in intensity in the early 1970s, as it became apparent that colonialism was expiring.

Thompson & Adloff argues (eg. p. 132-134, 164-167) that the Green March, as well as increasingly heated rhetorical exchanges between Madrid and Rabat had convinced Spain that Morocco was willing to enter into war over the territory; a CIA memorandum to Henry Kissinger had stated as much in early October 1975.[1] With Spanish leader Francisco Franco dying (he had entered into a coma, and passed away on November 19), the government was anxious to avoid conflict, and decided to split the territory in order to preserve maximum possible influence and economic benefit.

President Mokhtar Ould Daddah had claimed the territory as part of "Greater Mauritania" even before independence (Ould Ahmed Salem, p. 498). Some argue that Mauritanian claims seem to have been initially mainly intended to deflect Moroccan further claims towards Mauritania. Rabat had claimed both Spanish Sahara and Mauritania as parts of Morocco until 1969, when the latter claim was dropped.[2] (Thompson & Adloff, p. 55-57, 145-147).

Thompson and Adloff writes,

"According to [the treaty's] publicised terms, Spain aged to decolonise the Sahara and leave the area before 28 February 1976. In the interim, he territory would be administered by the Spanish governor general, assisted by two Moroccan and Mauritanian deputy governors, who would respect Sahraoui public opinion as expressed through the yemaa. (...) As to the Bu Craa (a phosphate mine) deposits, Spain would retain 35 per cent of the shares in the Fosbucraa company, and a portion of the 65 per cent that would go to Morocco would presumably be allotted to Mauritania. Reportdly there were unpublicised agreements among the three signatories that gave satisfaction to Spain as regards its fishing rights and included a postponement of further Moroccan demands for the presidios, as well as compensation for repatriated Spanish and Canary Island civilians." (p. 175)

The United States Library of Congress study of Mauritania (1990) states that,

"In early 1975, both Morocco and Mauritania agreed to abide by the decision of the International Court of Justice on the status of the Spanish Sahara, but when the court ruled in October 1975 that neither country was entitled to claim sovereignty over the territory, both governments chose to ignore the decision. In November 1975, they concluded the Madrid Agreements with Spain under which Morocco acquired the northern two-thirds of the territory, while Mauritania acquired the southern third. The agreement also included the proviso that Spain would retain shares in the Bu Craa mining enterprise. Mauritania acquiesced to the agreements under the assumption, probably correct, that Morocco, with its superior military power, would otherwise have absorbed the entire territory."[3][4]

The agreement was bitterly opposed by Algeria and the Polisario Front, who remained committed to independence. Algeria, which had dispatched a high-level delegation to Madrid to pressure Spain not to sign the Accords, had started to support the independence-minded Polisario Front militarily and diplomatically from early 1975. While Algeria justified its opposition to the Madrid Accords by what it called the upholding the UN charter and support for the self-determination of colonized peoples, many observers also saw in it a way to check Moroccan influence, due to the long-standing rivalry between the two countries, and to an Algerian desire for access to the Atlantic Ocean.

The Boumédiène government consequently broke with Morocco, and started supplying the Polisario guerrillas with weapons and refuge, all the while condemning the Accords internationally. Algeria expelled some 25,000 Moroccan citizens then living in Algeria, and began radio broadcasts in support of both the Polisario and - more briefly - a Canary Islands separatist group, the latter presumably in an attempt to punish Spain. (Thompson & Adloff, p. 151, 176.)

As Morocco and Mauritania moved in to assert their claims, Polisario, seen by Morocco as a separatist group, fought what it termed an invasion, and armed clashes erupted. Algeria initially intervened directly in the war and sent troops of the Algerian army deep into the territory, until it was forced to retreat after the Amgala war, in 1976. In the ensuing 17-year long war, from which Mauritania was forced to pull out in 1979, part of the territory's population would be made refugees, and a cease-fire wasn't achieved until 1991.The status of the territory, now called Western Sahara, remains in dispute to this day.

The United Nations still consider Spain the formal sovereign of the territory^{[citation needed]}, arguing that decolonization through an act of legitimate self-determination (such as a referendum, which the UN's MINURSO mission has been charged with arranging) has not yet taken place. The UN however considers Morocco as the administrative power in the territory[5], after Mauritania had given up all its claims in 1979. In the meanwhile, the Polisario has self-declared an Algeria-based government-in-exile, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), which has been admitted as a member to the African Union, but is not recognised by the UN.

The following is the published text of the Madrid Accords:[6]

On November 14, 1975, the delegations lawfully representing the Governments of Spain, Morocco and Mauritania, meeting in Madrid, stated that they had agreed in order on the following principles:

• 1. Spain confirms its resolve, repeatedly stated in the United Nations, to decolonize the Territory of Western Sahara by terminating the responsibilities and powers which it possesses over that Territory as administering Power.

• 2. In conformity with the aforementioned determination and in accordance with the negotiations advocated by the United Nations with the affected parties, Spain will proceed forthwith to institute a temporary administration in the Territory, in which Morocco and Mauritania will participate in collaboration with the Djemaa and to which will be transferred all the responsibilities and powers referred to in the preceding paragraph. It is accordingly agreed that two Deputy Governors nominated by Morocco and Mauritania shall be appointed to assist the Governor-General of the Territory in the performance of his functions. The termination of the Spanish presence in the Territory will be completed by February 28, 1976 at the latest.

• 3. The views of the Saharan population, expressed through the Djemaa, will be respected.

• 4. The three countries will inform the Secretary General of the United Nations of the terms set down in this instrument as a result of the negotiations entered into in accordance with Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.

• 5. The three countries involved declare that they arrived at the foregoing conclusions in the highest spirit of understanding and brotherhood, with due respect for the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and as the best possible contribution to the maintenance of international peace and security.

• 6. This instrument shall enter into force on the date of publication in the Boletin Oficial del Estado of the 'Sahara Decolonization Act' authorising the Spanish Government to assume the commitments conditionally set forth in this instrument."

This declaration was signed by the president of the government Carlos Arias Navarro, for Spain; the Prime Minister, Ahmed Osman, for Morocco; and the Foreign Minister, Hamdi Ould Mouknass, for Mauritania.

• Douglas E. Ashford, John Hopkins University, The Irredentist Appeal in Morocco and Mauritania, The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1962-12, p. 641-651
• Tony Hodges (1983), Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War, Lawrence Hill Books (ISBN 0-88208-152-7)
• Anthony G. Pazzanita (2006), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press
• Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, "Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State", Journal of North Africa Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Sep-Dec. 2005, p. 491-506.
• Pennell, C. R. (2000), Morocco since 1830. A History, New York University Press (ISBN 0-8147-6676-5)
• Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980), The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict, Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0)

• How the US and Morocco seized Western Sahara - by Jacob Mundy, Le Monde Diplomatique, January 2006.