Manas National Park

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Manas Wildlife Sanctuary*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	India
Type	Natural
Criteria	vii, ix, x
Reference	338
Region†	Asia-Pacific
Inscription History
Inscription	1985 (9th Session)
Endangered	1992
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Manas National Park Manas NP Manas NP (India)
IUCN Category II (National Park)
Location	Assam, India
Nearest city	Barpeta Road
Coordinates	26°30′0″N 91°51′0″E / 26.5, 91.85
Area	391 km².
Established	1990
Visitors	NA (in NA)
Governing body	Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India

Manas National Park is a National Park, UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger Reserve, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve in Assam, India. Located in the Himalayan foothills with a part extends to Bhutan. The park is well know for its rare and endangered wildlife which is not found anywhere else in the world like the Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog.

1 Origin of the name
2 History of the Park
3 Human History
4 Geography of the Park
5 Natural History of the Park
6 Park-specific information
7 External links

The name of the park is originated from the Manas River, which is named after the serpent god Manasa. The Manas river is a major tributary of Brahmaputra River, which passes through the heart of the national park.

The Manas National Park was declared a sanctuary on October 01, 1928 with an area of 360 sq. km. Manas Tiger reserve was created in 1973. Prior to the declaration of the sanctauary it was a Reserved Forest called Manas R.F. and North Kamrup R.F.. It was used by the Cooch Behar royal family and Raja of Gauripur as a hunting reserve. In 1951 and 1955 the area was increased to 391 sq. km. It was declared a World Heritage site in December 1985 by UNESCO. Kahitama R.F., the Kokilabari R.F. and the Panbari R.F. were added in the year 1990 to form the Manas National Park. In 1992, UNESCO declared it as a world heritage site in danger due to heavy poaching and terrorist activities.

There is only one forest village, Agrang, in the core of the National Park. Apart from this village 56 more villages surround the park. Many more fringe villages are directly or indirectly dependent on the park.

Political Geography: The park area falls in six districts: Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamrup and Darrang in the state of Assam in India.

Physical Geography: Manas is located in the Eastern Himalayas foothills. The park is densely forested. The Manas river is the main river, a major tributary of Brahmaputra river. The Manas River flows through the west of the park, further it splits into two separate rivers, the Beki and Bholkaduba. Manas and five other small rivers flow through the National Park which lies on a wide low-lying alluvial terrace below the foothills of the outer Himalaya. The bedrock of the savanna area in the north of the park is made up of Limestone and sandstone, whereas the grasslands in the south of the park is made up of deep deposits of fine alluvium. The combination of Sub-Himalayan Bhabar Terai formation along with riverine succession continuing up to Sub-Himalayan mountain forest making it one of the richest biodiversity areas in the world. The park is 391 km². in area and situated at a height of 61m to 110m above mean sea level.

Climate: The minimum temperature is around 15 degree C and maximum temperature is around 37 degree C. Heavy rainfall occurs between May and September and the annual average rainfall is around 333 cm.

There are two major biomes are present in Manas :

The grassland biome
The forest biome

Vegetation: The Burma Monsoon Forests of Manas lie on the borders between the Indo-Gangetic and Indo-Malayan biogeographical realms and is part of the Brahmaputra Valley Biogeographic Province. The combination of Sub-Himalayan Bhabar Terai formation with riverine succession leading up to Sub-Himalayan mountain forest makes it one of the richest biodiversity areas in the world.

The main vegetation types are: i) Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen forests in the northern parts. ii) East Himalayan mixed Moist and Dry Deciduous forests (the most common type). iii) Low Alluvial Savanna Woodland, and iv) Assam Valley Semi-Evergreen Alluvial Grasslands which cover almost 50% of the Park. Much of the riverine dry deciduous forest is at an early successional stage. It is replaced by moist deciduous forest away from water courses, which is succeeded by semi-evergreen climax forest in the northern part of the park. A total of 543 plants species have been recorded from the core zone. Of these, 374 species are dicotyledons (including 89 trees), 139 species monocotyledons and 30 are Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. The Park's common trees include Aphanamixis polystachya, Anthocephalus chinensis, Syzygium cumini, S. formosum, S. oblatum, Bauhinia purpurea, Mallotus philippensis, Cinnamomum tamala, Actinodaphne obvata, Bombax ceiba, Sterculia villosa, Dillenia indica, D. pentagyna, Careya arborea, Lagerstroemia parviflora, L.speciosa, Terminalia bellirica, T. chebula, Trewia polycarpa, Gmelina arborea, Oroxylum indicum and Bridelia spp. The Grasslands are dominated by Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum naranga, Phragmites karka, Arundo donax, Dillenia pentagyna, Phyllanthus emblica, Bombax ceiba, and species of Clerodendrum, Leea, Grewia, Premna and Mussaenda

The park has recorded 55 species of mammals, 380 species of birds, 50 of reptiles, and 3 species of amphibians. Out of these wildlife, 21 mammals are India’s Schedule I mammals and 31 of them are threatened.

The fauna of the park includes Tigers, Elephants, Rhinoceros, Wild Buffaloes, Leopards, Clouded Leopards, Gaurs, Swamp Deer, Capped Langurs, Golden Langurs, Assamese Macaques, Slow Loris, Hoolock Gibbons, Smooth Indian Otters, Sloth Bears, Barking Deer, Hog Deer, Sambar and Chital.

The park is well know for its rare and endangered wildlife which is not found anywhere else in the world like the Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog.

Manas houses about 380 species of birds. Manas have the largest population of endangered Bengal Florican. The major other birds includes Giant Hornbills, Jungle Fowls, Bulbuls, Brahminy Ducks, Khaleej Pheasants, Egrets, Pelicans, Fishing Eagles, Serpent Eagles, Falcons, Scarlet Minivets, Bee-Eaters, Magpie Robins, Pied Hornbills, Gray Hornbills, Mergansers, Harriers, Ospreys and Herons.

The best way to watch wildlife at the park is to use powerful binoculars, with night vision facilities at night. The ideal way to explore a majority of the Manas National Park in Assam is in a 4-wheel (Jeep) drive petrol vehicle. A boat ride on Manas river which commences its ride from Mathanguri and ends around 35km away is another popular option. The third option, which is a favourite with most visitors, are the elephant rides organised by the park authorities from Mathanguri. These take you deep in to the densest areas of the forest and often right in between some of the wildlife there, including elephants, rhinos and wild buffaloes. The park is closed in the Monsoon season.

A Forest Lodge inside the park is situated at Mothanguri.

Manas Jungle Camp is a Community cum Conservation Tourism project in Kokilabari near Eastern Core area of the Manas National Park, run by the local Conservation NGO MMES(Manas Maozigendri Ecotourism Society)and ,and is committed to the revival of Manas and get it free from the UNESCO Red-list.The camp has 04 ethnic cottages in a som plantation meant for rearing of famous muga silk of assam at the park boundary.The project runs various conservation programmes,Cultural self-help groups,Handicraft self-help groups,and conducts regular patrolling inside the park in association with the Forest department to stop poaching, cattle grazing.This initiative has already received appreciation from the UNESCO-World Heritage Commission,and people from all over the world,and is considered as the most positive development towards the revival of Manas.

Nearest airport: Borjhar
Nearest railhead: Barpeta Road
Nearest Highway: NH 31 (22 km away)
Nearest town: The town of Barpeta Road is next to the park boundary and entrance.
Nearest city: The city of Guwahati is 176 km away from the park.

Wildlife Times: A trip to Kaziranga and Manas National Park

v • d • e • Part of the series on National Parks of India •
Andaman & Nicobar Islands	Campbell Bay • Galathea • Mahatma Gandhi • Mt. Harriet Island • Middle Button Island • North Button Island • Rani Jhansi • Saddle Peak • South Button Island
Andhra Pradesh	Kasu Brahmananda Reddy • Mahavir Harina Vanasthali • Mrugavani • Sri Venkateswara
Arunachal Pradesh	Mouling • Namdapha
Assam	Dibru-Saikhowa • Kaziranga • Manas Nameri • Orang
Bihar	Valmiki
Chhattisgarh	Indravati • Kanger Ghati
Goa	Mollem
Gujarat	Blackbuck • Gir • Gulf of Kutch • Vansda
Haryana	Kalesar • Sultanpur
Himachal Pradesh	Great Himalayan • Pin Valley
Jammu & Kashmir	Dachigam • Hemis • Kishtwar • Salim Ali
Jharkhand	Betla
Karnataka	Anshi • Bandipur • Bannerghatta • Kudremukh • Nagarhole
Kerala	Eravikulam • Mathikettan Shola • Periyar • Silent Valley
Madhya Pradesh	Bandhavgarh • Fossil • Kanha • Madhav • Panna • Pench Sanjay • Satpura • Van Vihar
Maharastra	Chandoli • Gugamal • Navegaon • Pench • Sanjay Gandhi • Tadoba
Manipur	Keibul Lamjao • Sirohi
Meghalaya	Balphakram • Nokrek
Mizoram	Murlen • Phawngpui
Nagaland	Intanki
Orissa	Bhitarkanika • Simlipal
Rajasthan	Darrah • Desert • Keoladeo • Ranthambhore • Sariska
Sikkim	Khangchendzonga
Tamil Nadu	Guindy • Gulf of Mannar • Indira Gandhi • Palani Hills • Mudumalai • Mukurthi
Uttar Pradesh	Nawabganj • Dudhwa
Uttarakhand	Corbett • Gangotri • Govind • Nanda Devi • Rajaji • Valley of Flowers
West Bengal	Buxa • Gorumara • Neora Valley • Singalila • Sundarbans
National Parks • Protected areas of India • Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)