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The Mandarin
Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Tales of Suspense #50 (February 1964) Created by Stan Lee Don Heck
Characteristics Alter ego Uncertain, has been called Khan, which may be his real name or another alias. Team affiliations Masters of Evil Notable aliases Gene Khan, Zhang Tong, Tem Borjigin Abilities Scientific genius, Superhumanly skilled martial artist, Ten rings grant various powers

The Mandarin is a fictional character, a Marvel Comics supervillain that is an archenemy of Iron Man. He first appeared in Tales of Suspense #50 (February 1964).

Contents 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Origins 1.2 New bodies 1.3 Heart of darkness 1.4 Temugin 1.5 Revival 1.6 Government Infiltration 1.7 Enter the Mandarin 2 Powers and abilities 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.2 Film 3.3 Video games

The Mandarin's late father is one of the wealthiest men in pre-revolutionary mainland China (and claims to be a direct descendant of Genghis Khan), while his late mother is an English noblewoman. His parents die soon after their son's birth, and he is raised by his father's sister, who is embittered against the world and raises him with much the same attitude. He displays scientific aptitude at an early age and uses his inheritance for education in various sciences in China and abroad. As an adult he becomes a high government official, or mandarin, and becomes renowned throughout China for his administrative brilliance.

However, with the success of mainland China's Communist revolution, the Mandarin is deprived of his position, his palace, and his wealth. Hoping to find a means of restoring himself to a position of power, the Mandarin explores the forbidden "Valley of Spirits," where no one has dared set foot for centuries. There he finds the skeleton and starship of Axonn-Karr, an intelligent dragon-like alien from the planet Maklu-4, who had come to Earth centuries ago and died. Over the following years, the Mandarin studies Makluan science until he masters it. He also learns how to use the ten rings he found within the starship which were apparently its propulsion source, among other things. The Mandarin then subjugates the villages around the Valley, and, through his advanced science, rapidly becomes a power that not even the Chinese Army could successfully challenge. He then embarks on a long series of attempts to achieve world domination.

The Mandarin sees technology as the surest means to achieve his goals. Over the years, he frequently attempts to turn various nations' weapons against them. Among the Mandarin's earliest schemes is the sabotage and theft of American missiles and spy planes built by Anthony Stark. To restore public confidence in his workmanship, Stark dons his Iron Man armor and flies to China to investigate. Iron Man soon becomes the Mandarin's principal obstacle against his plans for world domination.

On three occasions in their early confrontations, the Mandarin manages to take Iron Man (or his alter ego Tony Stark) captive, but the Mandarin fails to kill him. Similarly, Iron Man thwarts the Mandarin's various schemes, but is unable to bring him to justice. Some of the Mandarin's early technological achievements are the launching of a small orbiting satellite whose "death-ray" he aims at Stark Industries and the building of Ultimo, a 30-foot android possessing vast destructive powers. The Mandarin would employ Ultimo four times over the years, but it is always defeated by Iron Man.

The Mandarin's teleportation technology, derived from Makluan science, enables him to kidnap people at will or teleport himself out of threatening situations. During his fifth encounter with Iron Man, the Mandarin teleports Harold "Happy" Hogan, a friend and confidant of Iron Man, to his castle in China half a world away. Hogan is wearing the Iron Man armor at the time to help protect his employer's secret identity, and the Mandarin mistakes him for his true foe. Rescuing Hogan, Iron Man physically bests the Mandarin in personal combat for the first time. Iron Man redirects the missiles that the Mandarin had launched so that they hit the Mandarin's castle, destroying it. The Mandarin escapes by means of his teleportation machinery, and he materializes aboard his orbiting satellite. There, he constructs a gemlike device capable of broadcasting "hate-rays" toward Earth. The Mandarin assembles several of the former Masters of Evil to perform missions for him: the Living Laser, the original Power Man, the Swordsman, the Enchantress, and the Executioner. The Avengers manage to thwart the Mandarin's scheme and destroy his satellite.

The Mandarin then establishes a base in China's Gobi Desert and turns his attention to the Hulk for a time, hoping to make the dull-witted brute an accomplice. Two attempts at controlling the Hulk prove futile, however, including one where the Mandarin allies himself with the American criminal the Sandman. The Hulk destroys the Mandarin's desert base. When the Mandarin next attacks Iron Man, he employs an android in the Hulk's likeness rather than the real Hulk.

The Mandarin sets up a makeshift base of operations in America, and attempts to publicly discredit Anthony Stark. Holding Iron Man captive for the fourth time, the Mandarin tries to learn if Iron Man was actually Stark, but Stark fools him with a rubber mask over his own features. His plans thwarted, the Mandarin tries to kill Stark's current girlfriend, Janice Cord, but the Mandarin's betrothed Mei Ling saves her at the cost of her own life.

Returning to China, the Mandarin seeks a means to increase his rings' power and learns of the legendary Eye of Yin, a talisman of power created by an ancient group of Chinese sorcerers. The Mandarin maneuvers the Royal Family of the Inhumans (who at the time live in the nearby Himalayan Mountains of Tibet) into locating the idol for him. But before he can fully incorporate the Eye's power in his rings, Black Bolt, the ruler of the Inhumans, overpowers him, strips him of his ten rings, and hides them. Unable to find the rings, the Mandarin journeyes back to the "Valley of Spirits" and the ruins of the Makluan starship wherein he first acquired the rings. There he finds a headband containing technology which enables him to recover the rings. The Mandarin uses his newfound power to restore his castle to its original state. The Unicorn, another frequent opponent of Iron Man, seeks the Mandarin's aid in curing him of a progressive disease. The Mandarin and the Unicorn travel to America to attack their common enemy, Iron Man, but in the heat of battle the Mandarin finds that the headband has somehow exchanged his consciousness with that of the Unicorn. The Mandarin is forced to flee, desperate to separate himself from the Unicorn's dying body.

When the Mandarin arrives at his castle in China, he finds that it had been taken over by the Yellow Claw, another Chinese supervillain. The Mandarin is forced to find another laboratory to try to restore his mind back to its rightful body, which he manages with the unwilling aid of the Japanese mutant Sunfire. In battle with Iron Man again, the Mandarin's interim headquarters is destroyed. The Mandarin then launches an attack on the Yellow Claw in an attempt to regain his own castle, but is fatally injured when the Yellow Claw robot he had been battling explodes. As the Mandarin is dying, he uses the headband's mind-transferring capacities to transfer his consciousness into his ten rings. When the rings are confiscated by the Yellow Claw's power-hungry servant Loc Do, the Mandarin's consciousness enters Loc Do's body, permanently driving out Loc Do's. Using his matter-rearranger ring, the Mandarin transforms Loc Do's body into a younger duplicate of his original one.

The Mandarin returns to his castle, discovering that it has again been destroyed. After rebuilding it, the Mandarin attempts to capture Iron Man with his teleportation devices, but once again catches someone else clad in his armor. This time it is Michael O'Brien, later to become a friend of Stark's and first to wear the Guardsman armor. Iron Man flies to O'Brien's rescue, clad in an old set of armor, saves O'Brien, thwarts the Mandarin's attempt to bomb the United States and for a second time bests him in personal combat. Perhaps due to the effect of the Mandarin's mental domination ring on him, Iron Man does not take the Mandarin into custody, but allows him to remain free.

The Mandarin later schemes to turn the Great Vibranium Mound of Wakanda into Type II Vibranium which destroys the molecular cohesion of metals. He also tries to destroy China's entire rice crop in an attempt to provoke war. In the second of these plots, the Mandarin encounters James Rhodes, during his custodianship of the Iron Man armor.

When Stark tries to set up a branch of Stark Enterprises in Hong Kong, Iron Man and the Mandarin once again came into conflict. The Mandarin has taken the name of Zhang Tong, and has become a financial leader in Hong Kong. As Tong, he controls a number of government officials and industry leaders of Hong Kong. The Mandarin thwarts all of Stark's attempts to set up a business branch, even resorting to murder. The Mandarin now employs a group called the Hand to do his dirty work. When on a mission, a Hand member is allowed to take one of the Mandarin's rings and use its powers. As a precaution, if the Hand member were to be captured, he would fanatically try to kill himself. If the Hand member were to be killed or knocked out, the ring would automatically teleport back to the Mandarin. At one point, the mutant heroine Psylocke passes through the mystic portal known as the Siege Perilous. The portal relocates her to an Asian shore, leaving her an amnesiac. The man known as Matsu'o Tsurayaba finds her and believes he could save his brain-dead lover Kwannon by switching her mind with Psylocke.

He makes an arrangement with the Mandarin to help him with the switch, whose rings would be able to cause the mindswitch. Working with the woman known as Spiral, they are able to switch the minds of the two women. Mandarin then puts Psylocke (now in Kwannon's body) through conditioning, causing her to believe herself to be Lady Mandarin, the Mandarin's assassin.

After doing several assignments for him, Psylocke is eventually rescued by her X-Men teammates Wolverine and Jubilee. Psylocke then defeats the Mandarin, causing events which led to Mandarin's leaving the Hand.

Some time later, the Mandarin discovers that one of his rings was an elaborate fake. One of his underlings has betrayed him, surrendering the ring to Chen Hsu, an ancient wizard who lived in San Francisco. Hsu, elfin in appearance but puissant in power, gives up the ring to the Mandarin, who, however, collapses as soon as he put it on. Chen Hsu tends to him, removing the veil of confusion from his mind; soon the Mandarin realizes that his memories had been fragmented because of the theft of the ring, because the rings were still linked to his consciousness.

Next, Chen Hsu makes the Mandarin a strange offer which involves the two of them travelling to the Valley of the Dragons. There, he uses a magic herb to awaken Fin Fang Foom, an ancient and incredibly powerful dragon. Under the control of Hsu, the dragon obeyes the Mandarin, laying waste to an army sent by the Chinese government to stop him. Soon the Mandarin claims a third of China's territory, and the authorities send out a call for help to the only man who has consistently defeated him: Iron Man.

Confronting the Mandarin and Fin Fang Foom, it soon becomes clear that there are other plans in motion: Eight other dragons appear. And now it is revealed that, many thousands of years ago, a number of aliens from the planet Kakaranathara, fourth planet of the star Maklu, had travelled to Earth to look for the conflict which was unknown in their culture and they craved. The ship had crashed, forcing them to stay on Earth for thousands of years. But then, the Mandarin had found the ship, had claimed their rings. Now, they demanded them back, but he refuses them. Iron Man, forcibly combines his power with the rings, manages to destroy the dragons. The Mandarin survives, but his hands are vaporized.

For months, he lies in a state between life and death, in the care of a peasant woman who does not even know who he is. But over time, his hands grow back - albeit as reptilian claws - and the rings call to him again - call him to reclaim them, or perhaps they call him to reclaim him.

The Mandarin next discovers the Heart of Darkness, an orb of apparently mystic energy; the alien Century believed it was an ancient artifact which acted as a "lens" to attract and focus all manner of dark power. The Mandarin uses its power to turn back time in China, and literally transforms it into a feudal nation again, in which electronic equipment could not operate. Iron Man, with his team Force Works and ally War Machine defeats him, but not before the Mandarin discovers that Tony Stark is the man inside the Iron Man armor.

Iron Man infects Mandarin with a techno-organic virus, and the Heart, seeing him infected with technology, rejects the Mandarin and implodes. Iron Man believes him dead, though in reality the Mandarin is transported and transformed by the last flare of the orb's magic, turned into a janitor in the Hong Kong branch of Stark Enterprises.

Eventually, the Mandarin's memories return to him and instead of trying to crush technology, Mandarin believes that the feudal system of yesterday had merely been transformed into the capitalism of today. Mandarin sets into motion plans to create a giant flying fortress called the Dragon of Heaven through which he could conquer Russia and eventually the world. During this time, Iron Man reappears after being believed dead in a battle against the psychic menace Onslaught. The Mandarin initiates a series of attacks on Iron Man, culminating in a battle with the Dragon of Heaven. Eventually it is revealed that the Mandarin's primary purpose is not to conquer Russia, but to test Iron Man, prove him worthy as a foe and to justify Mandarin's own thoughts on capitalism.

The Mandarin apparently dies as the Dragon of Heaven explodes, but Iron Man is less than convinced that his foe has truly met his end.

Nevertheless, the Mandarin has only recently made a return into Iron Man's life. Instead, the Golden Avenger is faced with Temugin, the son of the Mandarin. Temugin has precious few memories of his father and most of them involve his father taking him to the monastery where he was raised and trained by monks. Temugin is sensitive, spiritual and unbelievably powerful because of his control of chi, the living force in all things.

One day, Temugin receives a package containing the severed hands of the Mandarin, bearing all the rings of power. Temugin knows that he is honor bound to fulfill his father's wishes for him. He challenges Iron Man in order to avenge his father’s death, and he proves a deadly adversary even without the rings.

After Tony Stark reveales a conspiracy for mass murder in his own ranks, Temugin appeares to have forgiven Iron Man for the death of his father and to have turned to more lofty pursuits, but recent events indicate the power of the rings has corrupted his soul.

Temugin is named after his claimed ancestor Genghis Khan, whose name was Temugin (also spelled Temuchin, Temudjin, u also variates to ü)

Temugin later makes an appearance in 'MODOK's 11' #3, wherein he is contacted by the double-crossing Spot, who promptly hands over the weapon that MODOK had been planning to steal. In this appearance, Temugin speaks of the Mandarin as "My Late Father", and bears the Rings, one of which he uses to imprison Spot in another dimension with nothing but money. In the following issue, the Puma tears off at least one of his hands, but despite this, he retaines at least half - and possibly all, as Nightshade, who used the rings on his lost hand, was not seen with them at the end of the story - of the rings,

The Mandarin has been revived in the current arc of Iron Man. Apparently he has been in a prison in central China for some time. In this story it has been revealed that he has lost his hands (most likely the hands that were sent to Temugin were, in fact, actually the Mandarin's). He has also been living with no food or water for years. His ability to survive so long without food or water is likely due to his mastery of chi. Despite being handless and starved, he was able to kill several men armed with guns via his mastery of the martial arts. His rings have been returned to him, and it has been suggested Temugin has died. As of Iron Man #17, his rings are being reassimilated into his body by heating them and burning them into his spine.

After attacking Iron Man, via SHIELD - with dozens of unwitting proxies in the form of extremist splinter groups, equipped by him with hyper-advanced biological weapons - he eventually resurfaces as Tem Borjigin (yet another name of Genghis Khan), now once again sporting hands, it seems (although they might be artificial).

The Mandarin has infiltrated the U.S. government via his role as CEO of Prometheus, a corporation specializing in bio-engineered weaponry. He appears to be using Extremis creator and Tony Stark's former love interest Maya Hansen to produce an army of Extremis enhanced soldiers as well as financing and arming terrorists around the globe.

The Mandarin is set to appear in Iron Man - Enter the Mandarin in September, 2007 which is a tale from the early days of the Marvel Universe. This mini-series contains secrets never-before-revealed of the first-ever meeting between the Iron Man and the Mandarin.

The Mandarin is a superb athlete with tremendous skill in the various martial arts. Through repeated practice he has toughened all the striking surfaces of his body, especially his hands, which are covered with thick calluses. He can even split Iron Man's magnetic-beam reinforced alloy armor with repeated blows. So great is The Mandarin's martial arts ability that he can even survive years without food and water, apparently sustaining himself purely via his mastery of Chi. The precise degree of The Mandarin's martial art powers has been the subject of multiple implied retcons by Marvel comics. Initially Mandarin was portrayed as being such a superhumanly skilled martial artist that he could destroy Iron Man's armor with his bare hands. Later portrayels focused on his use of the rings, and implicitly retconned The Mandarin's skill to being great but no longer superhuman. The most recent continuity has restored Mandarin's martial arts ability to its original superhuman level. The Mandarin is one of Marvel Earth's greatest scientific geniuses. Not only has he made himself into an authority on Makluan science, but he has also built upon this knowledge by making further discoveries based upon it.

The principal personal weapons of the Mandarin are the ten rings which he wears on his fingers. The rings' operations cannot be explained by contemporary Earth science, but it is known that they served as near-limitless energy sources for the warpdrive engines of the starship of Axonn-Karr. The Mandarin learned how to convert the rings to his personal uses and to make them respond to his mental commands. The fingers on which he wears each ring, and the known functions for which he uses each ring, are given below.

• Left Pinkie — "Ice Blast," emits waves of cold which can be used to stun an opponent. The ring usually causes the air in the path of its blast to turn to ice, and can lower an object's temperature to nearly absolute zero. With it he could encase foes in bands of ice or create walls of ice to block pursuers.
• Left Ring Finger — "Mental-Intensifier," which amplifies the Mandarin's own mental energies and allows him to control the minds of others with a limit of one person at a time at a distance of ten feet. Can also be used to create illusions. As proven by Psylocke, if the wearer of the ring is a natural telepath, the ring will enhance their abilities far beyond a wearer without telepathy.
• Left Middle Finger — "Electro Blast," emits electricity in amounts and intensities mentally determined by the wearer. The maximum voltage attainable is not known.
• Left Index Finger — "Flame Blast," emits infrared radiation, or heat, at intensities mentally determined by the wearer. Usually the heat produces flame through incandescing the molecules in the air in the path of the blast. The heat beam can be used to trigger chemical explosions. The maximum amount of heat it can generate is not known.
• Left Thumb — "White Light," can emit various forms of energy along the electromagnetic spectrum, often a laser-like beam. Can also create sufficient gravity to make Iron Man completely bury himself simply by trying to walk forward.
• Right Thumb — "Matter Rearranger," which can rearrange the atoms and molecules of a substance. The Mandarin usually uses this ring to change the shape of objects, such as causing a giant stone hand to erupt out of the earth and grapple a foe, and turning a mountain into a giant rock monster. He has, however, used it to transmute the molecular composition of objects, such as changing the air around a target into a poisonous gas and can also speed up and slow down molecular movement so as to alter states of matter like turning water vapor into liquid water. It has failed to rearrange Iron Man's magnet beam enforced armor.
• Right Index Finger — "Impact Beam," can project various forms of energy, most frequently that of fast neutrons with the concussive force of 350 pounds of TNT. The ring has also been used to project intense sonic vibrations and to create magnetic and gravitational waves to attract or repel objects and people. The ring may be capable of emitting other forms of energy as well.
• Right Middle Finger — "Vortex Beam," causes the air to move about at high speed in a vortex. The vortex can be used as an offensive weapon, as a means of levitating objects, or as a means of propelling Mandarin through the air.
• Right Ring Finger — "Disintegration Beam," emits a beam of energy that destroys all bonds between the atoms and molecules of the object it strikes. This ring needs twenty minutes to recharge after use.
• Right Pinkie — "Black Light," can create an area of absolute blackness that seems to absorb all light used within it. Although "black light" is a term used to refer to ultraviolet radiation, the darkness created by the ring is probably a form of the "darkforce" used by Cloak, Darkstar, and the Shroud.

Over the years, the Mandarin has established a strong psionic link with his rings, which was made many times stronger during the period in which his mind/spirit actually inhabited them. One result is that no one who wears the rings other than the Mandarin himself can command them without his permission. He can voluntarily give temporary control over a ring to his servants, however. If the servant dies or falls unconscious, the rings teleport back to The Mandarin. The Mandarin can now command the rings even when they are separated from him by vast distances. He can mentally monitor events taking place near a ring that has been separated from him. Continued exposure to the alien rings made his hands green and scaly.

The Mandarin also briefly used a force-field generator, but this is not part of his standard weaponry.

The Mandarin was a major foe of Iron Man in The Marvel Superheroes.

The Mandarin was the primary villain in the short-lived 1994 Iron Man animated series. In the series, the Mandarin (voiced by Ed Gilbert and Robert Ito) is an archeologist named Arnold Rock who, while fleeing from desert raiders, falls into an ancient catacomb containing an alien starship (which belongs to this series' incarnation of Fin Fang Foom). In this catacomb, he finds ten gems of power. Unfortunately, the raiders slay everyone else, including his fiancee. All the raiders leave behind are his fiancee's rings, albeit with the jewels plucked from them. The Mandarin uses these as the settings for his power jewels. The Mandarin of this continuity is much more altered by the power of the rings; he developed pointy ears, claw-like fingernails, enhanced musclature and his skin turned emerald-green (a not uncommon treatment of Asian villains at the time, with similar treatment dealt to Doctor No in James Bond Jr and Ming the Merciless in Defenders of the Earth). The cartoon version of the Mandarin was served in his villainy by Justin Hammer as well as by several supervillains; Blizzard, Blacklash, Dreadknight, Hypnotia, Grey Gargoyle, Whirlwind, the Living Laser and MODOK, but following the cartoon's adaptation of the Dragon Seed storyline, the Mandarin's servants were captured and his rings scattered across the world. Eventually recovering all of his rings, appearing in a brief epilogue at the end of most episodes to do so, the Mandarin renewed his hostilities against Iron Man in an adaptation of The Hands of the Mandarin. Prior to finding his last two rings, The Mandarin claims his 8th ring from MODOK in Empowered. Empowered was the clip show of the Season, the purpose being that the Mandarin wanted to learn of Iron Man's recent activities. In the final episode of the series, Iron Man manages to reflect the power of Mandarin's rings, destroying them, and ultimately leaving the Mandarin helpless before a band of desert bandits who likely killed, or at least cut off his hand/fingers for the rings. The cartoon's versions of the rings were much more ambiguous, with no particular power associated with any ring - most frequently, they were used to project force blasts, alter reality and transmute objects. Season 2 Episode 11 Hulkbuster would reveal two of the rings specific abilities:

• One would allow for creating windows through time and space.
• The Other allows for traveling through the windows.

They were both used by The Leader in an attempt to travel back to time that the Gamma Bomb detonated, transforming Bruce Banner into the Hulk.

Mandarin appears in the Robot Chicken episode "Celebutard Mountain" voiced by Seth Green.

• The Mandarin is the main villain in the 2007 Direct-To-DVD animated movie The Invincible Iron Man voiced by Fred Tatasciore. This version of the Mandarin was an ancient ruler of a Chinese dynasty whose minions are attempting to resurrect him by collecting five magical rings. Despite being the main driving force behind the plot, he appears only briefly at the film's climax and only as a spiritual projection.

• At the 2007 Comic-Con, Iron Man director Jon Favreau said the Mandarin's presence in the story of the upcoming film would be felt, but probably not be seen, rather like Sauron in The Lord of the Rings, with the central villain being Iron Monger.

• The Mandarin appeared as the third and last boss in the stage 3 'Challenge of the Bottom of the Sea' in Data East's 1991 arcade game, (later ported to the Sega Genesis and Super NES) Captain America and the Avengers, controlling the Red Skull's undersea base, against the which is Namor, the Sub-Mariner, who advertise to the heroes.

• The Mandarin appears as one of the supervillains in the video game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance. The Mandarin joins Dr. Doom's Masters of Evil, but is rejected after he attempts to steal control of the group from Doom. In revenge, Doom has Loki frame the Mandarin for the theft of the Tome of Asaris from Atlantis. The heroes fall for it, and journey to the Mandarin's palace, where they defeat him and his minions. After learning the truth from the Mandarin (i.e. that Loki impersonated him in Atlantis), he teleports away. Blade has a special conversation with Mandarin after the battle and Storm brings up her history of battling him to Nick Fury.