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A market economy is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets guided by a free price system.^[1][2] In a market economy, businesses and consumers decide of their own volition what they will purchase and produce. In theory this means that the producer gets to decide what to produce, how much to produce, what to charge customers for those goods, what to pay employees, etc., and not the government. These decisions in a market economy are influenced by the pressures of competition, supply, and demand. This is often contrasted with a planned economy, in which a central government decides what will be produced and in what quantities.^[3]

Contents 1 Examples of market economic varieties 1.1 Capitalism 1.2 Laissez-faire 1.3 Market anarchism 2 Market mechanisms 2.1 Freedom 2.2 Decision making 2.2.1 Government intervention 3 See also 4 Notes and References 5 Further reading

Although no country has ever had within its border an economy in which all markets were absolutely free, the term is typically not used in an absolute sense. Many states which are said to have a capitalist system have a high level of market freedom, even if it is less than some parts of the population would prefer. Thus, almost all economies in the world today are mixed economies which combine varying degrees of free market and command economy traits. For example, in the United States there are more market economy traits than in Western European countries.^[4]

Main article: Capitalism

Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are all or mostly privately owned and operated for profit, and in which investments, distribution, income, production and pricing of goods and services are determined through the operation of a market economy. It is usually considered to involve the right of individuals and groups of individuals acting as "legal persons" or corporations to trade capital goods, labor, land and money (see finance and credit). Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but some feel that the term "mixed economies" more precisely describes most contemporary economies, due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises, combining elements of capitalism and socialism, or mixing the characteristics of market economies and planned economies.

Main articles: Free market and Laissez-faire

A true free market economy is an economy in which all resources are owned by individuals, and in which decisions about the allocation of those resources are made by individuals without government intervention.^[5] Laissez-faire is synonymous with what was reffered to as strict free market economics during the early and mid-19th century. It is generally understood to be a doctrine that maintains that private initiative and production are best allowed to roam free, opposing economic interventionism and taxation by the state beyond that which is perceived to be necessary to maintain individual liberty, peace, security, and property rights.

Main articles: Anarcho-capitalism and Market anarchism

Anarcho-capitalism, market anarchism or individualist anarchism advocates a true free market like laissez-faire and in addition the complete elimination of the state apparatus; the provision of law enforcement, courts, national defense, and all other security services by voluntarily-funded competitors in a free market rather than through compulsory taxation; the complete deregulation of nonintrusive personal and economic activities; and a self-regulated market. Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based in voluntary trade of private property (including money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) and services in order to maximize individual liberty and prosperity.

Friedrich von Hayek and Milton Friedman stated that economic freedom is a necessary condition for the creation and sustainability of civil and political freedoms. They believed that this economic freedom can only be achieved in a market-oriented economy, specifically a free market economy. They do believe, however, that sufficient economic freedom can be achieved in economies with functioning markets through price mechanisms and private property rights. They believe that the more economic freedom that is available the more civil and political freedoms a society will enjoy.

Friedman states:

"economic freedom is simply a requisite for political freedom. By enabling people to cooperate with one another without coercion or central direction it reduces the area over which political power is exercised." Friedman, Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement, Harcort Brace Janovich, 1980, p. 2-3

Studies by the Canadian free market-oriented Fraser Institute, the American free market-oriented Heritage Foundation, and the Wall Street Journal state that there is a relationship between economic freedom and political and civil freedoms to the extent claimed by Friedrich von Hayek. They agree with Hayek that those countries which restrict economic freedom ultimately restrict civil and political freedoms.^[6][7]

Generally market economies are bottom-up in decision-making as consumers convey information to producers through prices paid in market transactions. All states today have some form of control over the market that removes the free and unrestricted direction of resources from consumers and prices such as tariffs and corporate subsidies. Milton Friedman and many other microeconomists believe that these forms of intervention provide incentives for resources to be misused and wasted, producing products society may not value as much as a product that is valued as a result of these restrictions.

However, the term "market economy" is not exclusive to traditional capitalist ownership where a corporation hires workers as a labour commodity to produce material wealth and boost shareholder profits. Market mechanisms have been utilized in a handful of socialist states, such as Yugoslavia and even Cuba to a very limited extent. China's government is still run by the Communist Party, but its economy involves considerable private enterprise and market forces in both private and public sectors. It is also possible to envision an economic system based on cooperative, democratic worker ownership and market allocation of final goods and services; the labour-managed market economy is one of several proposed forms of market socialism.

It is possible according to some interpretations for a market economy to have government intervention in the economy. The key difference between market economies and planned economies lies not with the degree of government influence but whether that influence is used to coercively preclude private decision.^{[original research?]} In a market economy, if the government wants more steel, it collects taxes and then buys the steel at market prices. In a planned economy, a government which wants more steel simply orders it to be produced and sets the price by decree.

The proper role for government in a market economy remains controversial. Most supporters of a market economy believe that government has a legitimate role in defining and enforcing the basic rules of the market. Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the economy and addressing the inequalities the market produces. For example, there is no universal agreement on issues such as protectionist tariffs, central banking, and welfare programs.

• Free price system
• Social market economy
• Participatory economy
• Mixed economy
• Market
• Barter
• Capitalism
• Financial markets
• Free market
• Command economy
• Gift economy
• Inclusive Democracy
• Self-organization
• Neoliberalism

• 2007 Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal
• De Soto, Hernando. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere else, Basic Books, 2000.
• Economic Freedom of the World Report, The Frasier Institute
• [1] "The Multidimensional Crisis and Inclusive Democracy" by Takis Fotopoulos, Gordios Athens 2005. (Here an English translation)
• Friedman, Milton. Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, 1962.
• Friedman, Milton and Rose Friedman. Free to Choose: A Personal Statement, Harcort Brace Janovich, 1980.
• Hayek, F.A., The Road to Serfdom, University of Chicago Press, 1944.
• Hayek, F.A. The Constitution of Liberty, University of Chicago Press, 1960.
• Lindsey, Brink. Against the Dead Hand: The Uncertain Struggle for Global Capitalism, Wiley, 2001.
• Przeworski, Adam. Democracy and the Market (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
• Reed, Robert, Max Schanzenbach, "Prices and Information: A Simple Framework for Understanding Economics"
• Schumpeter, Joseph. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Harper Perennial, 1962.
• Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776.
• Yergin, Daniel, and Joseph Stanislaw. The Commanding Heights: Yhe Battle for the World Economy, Simon and Schuster, 1998.