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Martha Nussbaum

Martha Nussbaum (born Martha Craven on May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher, with a particular interest in ancient philosophy, political philosophy and ethics. She was born in New York, the daughter of George Craven, a Philadelphia lawyer, and Betty Warren, a homemaker. She studied theatre and classics at New York University, getting a BA in 1969, and gradually moved to philosophy while at Harvard, where she received an MA in 1972 and a PhD in 1975, studying under G. E. L. Owen. This period also saw her marriage to Alan Nussbaum (divorced in 1987), conversion to Judaism, and the birth of her daughter Rachel, who would become a professor of German History.

She taught philosophy and classics at Harvard in the 1970s and early 1980s, before moving to Brown. Her 1985 book The Fragility of Goodness, on ancient ethics, was particularly influential, and made her a well-known figure throughout the humanities.

During the 1980s Nussbaum began a collaboration with economist Amartya Sen on issues of development and ethics. With Sen, she promoted the "capability approach" to development, which views capabilities ("substantial freedoms", such as the ability to live to old age, engage in economic transactions, or participate in political activities) as the constitutive parts of development, and poverty as capability-deprivation. This contrasts with a common view that sees development purely in terms of economic growth, and poverty purely as income-deprivation. It is also universalist, and therefore contrasts with relativist approaches to development. Much of the work is presented from an Aristotelian perspective.

Nussbaum has used the capability approach to reinterpret John Rawls' Theory of Justice. For her, Rawls's Liberty Principle is only meaningful if viewed in terms of substantial freedoms, i.e. real opportunities based on personal and social circumstance. Likewise, inequality in the Difference Principle has to be clarified in terms of capabilities.

Nussbaum has engaged in many spirited debates with other intellectuals, both in the pages of semi-popular magazines and book reviews as well as when testifying as an expert witness in court. Her pro-homosexual testimony as a classicist in the trial for Romer v. Evans has been called misleading and even perjurious by critics.^{[1] [2]}) Her intellectual sparring partners have included Allan Bloom, John Finnis, Robert P. George, Harvey Mansfield and Judith Butler, among others.

Nussbaum is currently Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago Law School. She also holds cross-appointments in the Divinity School and in the Departments of Philosophy and Classics. She previously taught at Harvard and Brown where she held the rank of university professor. In the spring of 2007, she will be a visiting professor at Harvard Law School along with her partner and University of Chicago colleague Cass Sunstein.

1. ^ The Stand by Daniel Mendelsohn, from Lingua Franca September, 1996.
2. ^ Who Needs Philosophy?: A profile of Martha Nussbaum by Robert Boynton from The New York Times Magazine, November 21, 1999

• Aristotle's De Motu Animalium (1978)
• The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy (1986)
• Love's Knowledge (1990)
• Nussbaum, Martha, and Amartya Sen. The Quality of Life. (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1993)
• The Therapy of Desire (1994)
• Poetic Justice (1996)
• For Love of Country (1996)
• Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (1997)
• Sex and Social Justice (1998)
• Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (2000)
• Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (2001)
• Hiding From Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law (2004)
• Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions (edited with Cass Sunstein) (2004)
• Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2005)
• The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future, 2006

• University of Chicago Law School bio
• The Professor of Parody (1999, Attack on Judith Butler)
• What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run? (2001, Includes a timeline of her career, books and related controversies to that time.)
• The Stand (Nussbaum and the Colorado gay rights case.)
• Who Needs Philosophy?: A profile of Martha Nussbaum by Robert Boynton from The New York Times Magazine, November 21, 1999
• Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism a 1994 essay
• Radio interview on Philosophy Talk