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Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (June 29, 1818 – February 6, 1874) of the English branch of the Rothschild family was the fourth and youngest son of Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836). He was named Mayer Amschel Rothschild, for his grandfather, the patriarch of the Rothschild family.

Known to his family as "Muffy", he was born in New Court, London. After studying at the University of Leipzig and Heidelberg University he became the first member of his family to receive an education at an English university, spending time at both Magdalene and Trinity College, Cambridge. Although apprenticed in the family's various banking houses in Europe, he never became a major part of the banking empire. He became High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1847 and was elected Liberal MP for Hythe in 1859.

Mayer's mother Hannah (née Cohen) began the Rothschild settlement of Buckinghamshire. Thinking her sons unhealthy, she began to purchase parcels of land around Aylesbury in prime hunting country, where they could take outdoor exercise. By the middle of the 19th century, all three of her sons had large estates and mansions in the Vale of Aylesbury: Lionel de Rothschild at Tring; Anthony Nathan de Rothschild at Aston Clinton; and Mayer at Mentmore. There he built Mentmore Towers, the most sumptuous of the English Rothschild houses at the time. Other cousins were to follow later at Waddesdon, and Halton.

Mayer Rothschild was a keen horseback rider and hunter in spite of his sixteen stone frame and was a fan of thoroughbred horse racing. He established a stud farm at Crafton, Buckinghamshire, and was a member of the Jockey Club. In 1871, his horses won four of the five "classic" races: "Favonius" won the Epsom Derby and "Hannah" won the Epsom Oaks, the One Thousand Guineas and the St. Leger Stakes.

In 1873 Baron Mayer bought 90 acres (360,000 m²) of land at Ascott two miles from Mentmore. This was given to his nephew Leopold de Rothschild who enlarged the existing Ascott House to the neo-Tudor structure seen today.

Mayer de Rothschild and his wife Juliana (née Cohen) had one child, a daughter, Hannah, later Countess of Rosebery. She was his sole heiress, and through her, Mentmore Towers passed to the Earl of Rosebery.

Mayer Amschel de Rothschild died in 1874 and was buried in the Willesden Jewish Cemetery in Beaconsfield Road, Willesden, London.

• History of the Jews in England
• Rothschild banking family of England