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The Mesabi Range (upper center) is west of Lake Superior, north of Duluth, and far north of Minneapolis-St. Paul. Nearby towns include Grand Rapids, Hibbing and Virginia, Minnesota.

The Mesabi Iron Range is a vast deposit of iron ore and the largest of four major iron ranges in the region collectively known as the Iron Range of Minnesota. Discovered in 1866, it is the chief deposit of iron ore in the United States. The deposit is located in northeast Minnesota, largely in Itasca County and St. Louis County. It was extensively worked in the earlier part of the 20th century. Extraction operations declined throughout the mid-1970s but rebounded in 2005. China's growing demand for iron, along with the falling value of the US dollar versus other world currencies, have made taconite production profitable again, and some mines that had closed have been reopened.

It is theorized that most of the world's iron ore, including that contained in the Mesabi Iron Range, was formed during the middle Precambrian period, about two billion years ago. During this period, erosion leveled mountains that were formed during the previous two billion years. This erosion released iron and silica into the waters of a new sea. Marine algae living in this new sea raised the level of atmospheric oxygen, causing the eroded iron to precipitate into the iron formations now found in the Mesabi Iron Range.

Iron ore is mined from both underground mines and open pits. The mined ore is then transported away, primarily by railroad to the port cities along Lake Superior, such as Two Harbors and Duluth, Minnesota.

Much of the softer ore was formed close to the surface, allowing mining operations to be conducted via the open pit mines. The world's biggest open pit iron ore mine is the Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine in Hibbing, Minnesota. Open pit mines that are no longer worked are a common feature along the iron range. Some of these sites have been redeveloped for other uses. For instance, the Virginia Pilot is a project which focuses on redeveloping the grounds adjacent to the old mines into low– to moderate–income residential space. The Hill-Annex Mine is now a state park and offers tours to visitors who wish to learn about mine operations. Tours are guided by former mine workers.

The Mesabi Range was brought to public attention by the 2005 film North Country, which depicts a fictionalized version of the events surrounding Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., a sexual harassment, class-action lawsuit that female miners brought against a Mesabi Range mining company.

Robert Allen Zimmerman, also known as Bob Dylan, was brought up on the Mesabi Range.

The range also features in the song "Youngstown", by Bruce Springsteen, from the album The Ghost of Tom Joad:

"From the Monongahela valley, To the Mesabi Iron Range, To the coal mines of Appalachia, The story's always the same."

• Natural history of Minnesota

• Hill Annex Mine State Park: Minnesota DNR