Mitogen-activated protein kinase

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The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that respond to extracellular stimuli (mitogens) and regulate various cellular activities, such as gene expression, mitosis, differentiation, and cell survival/apoptosis.[10]

Contents

MAPK is involved in the action of most nonnuclear oncogenes. It is responsible for cell response to growth factors such as BDNF or nerve growth factor. Extracellular stimuli lead to activation of a MAP kinase via a signaling cascade ("MAPK cascade") composed of MAP kinase, MAP kinase kinase (MKK or MAP2K), and MAP kinase kinase kinase (MKKK or MAP3K, EC 2.7.11.25).

MAP kinase activation
Mitogen
↓
MAP kinase kinase kinase

(MAP3K or MKKK)
↓
MAP kinase kinase

(MAP2K or MKK)
↓
MAP kinase
↓
further signalling

A MAP3K that is activated by extracellular stimuli phosphorylates a MAP2K on its serine and threonine residues, and then this MAP2K activates a MAP kinase through phosphorylation on its serine and tyrosine residues. This MAP kinase signaling cascade has been evolutionarily well-conserved from yeast to mammals.

To date, six distinct groups of MAPKs have been characterized in mammals:

  1. extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1, ERK2). The ERKs (also known as classical MAP kinases) signaling pathway is preferentially activated in response to growth factors and phorbol ester (a tumor promoter), and regulates cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
  2. c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), (MAPK8,MAPK9,MAPK10) also known as stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs).
  3. p38 isoforms. (MAPK11, MAPK12(= ERK6), MAPK13, MAPK14) Both JNK and p38 signaling pathways are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation and apoptosis.
  4. ERK5. ERK5 (MAPK7), which has been found recently, is activated both by growth factors and by stress stimuli, and it participates in cell proliferation.
  5. ERK3/4. ERK3 (MAPK6) and ERK4 (MAPK4) are structurally related atypical MAPKs posses SEG motif in activation loop and displaying major differences only in the C-terminal extension. ERK3 and ERK4 mostly cytoplasmic protein which binds, translocates and activates the MK5 (PRAK, MAP2K5). ERK3 is known as an unstable unlike ERK4 which is relativily stable.[11]
  6. ERK7/8. (MAPK15) This is newest member of MAPKs and behaves like atypical MAPKs. It possesses a long C terminus similar to ERK3/4.

  1. ^ Bonni A, Brunet A, West AE, Datta SR, Takasu MA, Greenberg ME (1999). "Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms". Science 286 (5443): 1358–62. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1358. PMID 10558990. 
  2. ^ Chadee DN, Yuasa T, Kyriakis JM (2002). "Direct activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase MEKK1 by the Ste20p homologue GCK and the adapter protein TRAF2". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (3): 737–49. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.3.737-749.2002. PMID 11784851. 
  3. ^ Chang L, Karin M (2001). "Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades". Nature 410 (6824): 37–40. doi:10.1038/35065000. PMID 11242034. 
  4. ^ Chen YR, Tan TH (2000). "The c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and apoptotic signaling (review)". Int. J. Oncol. 16 (4): 651–62. PMID 10717232. 
  5. ^ Hazzalin CA, Mahadevan LC (2002). "MAPK-regulated transcription: a continuously variable gene switch?". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 (1): 30–40. doi:10.1038/nrm715. PMID 11823796. 
  6. ^ Kato Y, Kravchenko VV, Tapping RI, Han J, Ulevitch RJ, Lee JD (1997). "BMK1/ERK5 regulates serum-induced early gene expression through transcription factor MEF2C". EMBO J. 16 (23): 7054–66. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.23.7054. PMID 9384584. 
  7. ^ Kiefer F, Tibbles LA, Anafi M, Janssen A, Zanke BW, Lassam N, Pawson T, Woodgett JR, Iscove NN (1996). "HPK1, a hematopoietic protein kinase activating the SAPK/JNK pathway". EMBO J. 15 (24): 7013–25. PMID 9003777. 
  8. ^ Pearson G, English JM, White MA, Cobb MH (2001). "ERK5 and ERK2 cooperate to regulate NF-kappaB and cell transformation". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (11): 7927–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009764200. PMID 11118448. 
  9. ^ Weston CR, Lambright DG, Davis RJ (2002). "Signal transduction. MAP kinase signaling specificity". Science 296 (5577): 2345–7. doi:10.1126/science.1073344. PMID 12089430. 
  10. ^ Pearson G, Robinson F, Beers Gibson T, Xu BE, Karandikar M, Berman K, Cobb MH (2001). "Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions". Endocr. Rev. 22 (2): 153–83. doi:10.1210/er.22.2.153. PMID 11294822. 
  11. ^ Kant S, Schumacher S, Singh MK, Kispert A, Kotlyarov A, Gaestel M. (2006). "Characterization of the atypical MAPK ERK4 and its activation of the MAPK-activated protein kinase MK5.". J Biol Chem. 281 (46): 35511-9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M606693200. PMID 16973613. 

v • d • e
Animal intercellular signaling peptides and proteins
Growth factors Epidermal growth factor - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) - Nerve growth factor - Platelet-derived growth factor - Transforming growth factor (TGFα, TGFβ, TGFβ pathway)
Other Hedgehog (Sonic hedgehog) - Integrin - JAK/STAT (JAK/STAT) - MAPK/ERK pathway (MAPK/ERK) - NF-κB - Notch (1, 2, 3) - p53 - Wnt (WNT4, Frzb)
v • d • e
Kinases: Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (primarily EC 2.7.11)
2.7.11 Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase - Protein kinase A - Protein kinase G - Protein kinase C (Protein kinase Mζ) - Rhodopsin - Beta adrenergic receptor - G-protein coupled receptor kinases - Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent - Myosin light-chain) - Phosphorylase - Cyclin-dependent - Mitogen-activated (Extracellular signal-regulated, C-Jun N-terminal (MAPK8, MAPK9), P38 mitogen-activated protein) - MAP3K - GSK-3 - AMP-activated
2.7.12 MAP2K
2.7.1.37, or unknown Anti-Mullerian hormone receptor - Ataxia telangiectasia mutated - Aurora (A, B) - Mammalian target of rapamycin - Bone morphogenetic protein receptors (1, 2) - CDKL5 - c-Raf - EIF-2 - Ribosomal s6 - Protein kinase B - PDK1
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase"
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