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Principauté de Monaco Principality of Monaco
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Deo Juvante"  (Latin) "With God's Help"
Anthem: Hymne Monégasque
Location of  Monaco  (circled in inset) on the European continent  (white)
Capital		Monaco [1]
Largest Most populated quartier		Monte Carlo
Official languages		French2
Demonym		Monegasque or Monacan
Government		Constitutional monarchy and Principality
-	Prince	Albert II
-	Minister of State	Jean-Paul Proust
Independence
-	House of Grimaldi	1297
Area
-	Total	1.95 km² (231st) 0.75 sq mi
-	Water (%)	0.0
Population
-	2007 estimate	32,671 (210th)
-	2000 census	32,020
-	Density	18,285/km² (1st) 47,358/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$976 million (?)
-	Per capita	$70,447.5343 (50000 Euros)(Mid Sept. 07 est.) (2/3)
HDI (2003)		n/a (n/a) (unranked)
Currency		Euro (EUR)
Time zone		CET (UTC+1)
-	Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD		.mc
Calling code		+377
1 Monaco is a city-state. 2 Monégasque, English, and Italian are also spoken.

The Principality of Monaco (Principatu de Munegu in original language) (French: Principauté de Monaco) (Italian: Principato di Monaco), more commonly known as Monaco, is a country in Western Europe located along the French Riviera between the Mediterranean Sea and France. It is one of six microstates located in Europe.

Monaco is the world's most densely populated country and second-smallest independent nation; with a population of just 32,410 and an area of 1.96 square kilometres (485 acres), Monaco is the world's smallest French-speaking polity.

Contents 1 Geography 2 Administrative division 3 History 4 Law and government 5 Economy 5.1 Tax haven 6 Monaco Grand Prix 7 Education 7.1 Colleges and universities 8 Demographics 9 Languages 10 Religion 10.1 Roman Catholicism 10.2 Anglican 10.3 Jewish 11 Security 12 Flag 13 See also 14 Notes 15 External links

The Principality of Monaco is the second-smallest independent state in the world, after Vatican City. It is located on the Mediterranean coast, 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Nice and near the Italian border. It is surrounded on three sides by France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Région). It consists of a narrow strip along the coast at the bottom of the foothills of the Alps and its highest point is Le Rocher at 141 metres (459 ft).

The principality is noted for its natural scenery and mild, sunny climate. Monaco has a moderate Mediterranean climate. The average minimum temperature in January is 6 °C (42 °F); in August the average maximum temperature is 26 °C (80 °F).

Monaco is a narrow coastal strip. Its physical geography includes a long beach and steep cliffs that rise vertically upwards to heights of 63 metres (206 ft) above sea level.

The distinction between State and City of Monaco is purely theoretical. The state in fact consists of one municipality (commune) only. According to the constitution of 1911, the principality was subdivided into three municipalities:

• Monaco (Monaco-Ville), the old city on a rocky promontory extending into the Mediterranean, known as the Rock of Monaco, or simply le Rocher (the rock), where the palace is located
• Monte Carlo, the principal residential and resort area with the casino in the east and northeast
• La Condamine, the northwest section including the port area

The three municipalities were merged into one in 1917 (after accusations that the government was acting according to the motto "divide and conquer"), and they had the status of wards (quartiers) thereafter.

• Fontvieille was added as fourth ward, a newly constructed area reclaimed from the sea (in the 1970s)
• Moneghetti became the fifth ward, created from a part of La Condamine
• Larvotto became the sixth ward, created from a part of Monte Carlo
• La Rousse/Saint Roman (including Le Ténao) became the seventh ward, also created from a part of Monte Carlo

Subsequently, three additional wards were created:

• Saint Michel, from a part of Monte Carlo
• La Colle, from a part of La Condamine
• Les Révoires, from a part of La Condamine

An additional ward is planned by new land reclamation, to be settled from 2014:

• Le Portier

Currently the principality is subdivided into 10 wards (with their official numbers - Le Portier, the planned ward, is anticipated as number 11):

Nr	Ward	Area (m²)	Population (Census of 2000)	Density km−2	City Blocks (îlots)	Remarks
Former municipality of Monaco
05	Monaco-Ville	184,750	1,034	5597	19	Old City with palace
Former municipality of Monte Carlo
01	Monte Carlo/Spélugues (Bd. Des Moulins-Av. de la Madone)	281,461	3,034	10779	20	the casino and resort area
02	La Rousse/ Saint Roman (Annonciade-Château Périgord)	105,215	3,223	30633	15	in the northeast, incl. Le Ténao
03	Larvotto/Bas Moulins (Larvotto-Bd Psse Grace)	328,479	5,443	16570	15	eastern beach area
10	Saint Michel (Psse Charlotte-Park Palace)	142,223	3,807	26768	24	central residential area
Former municipality of La Condamine
04	La Condamine	237,283	3,847	16213	27	port area in the northwest
07	La Colle (Plati-Pasteur-Bd Charles III)	188,073	2,822	15005	15	on the western border with Cap d'Ail
08	Les Révoires (Hector Otto-Honoré Labande)	75,747	2,515	33203	11	containing the Jardin Exotique
09	Moneghetti/ Bd de Belgique (Bd Rainier III-Bd de Belgique	107,056	3,003	28051	18
new land reclaimed from the sea
06	Fontvieille	324,157	3,292	10156	9	started 1971
11	Le Portier	275,0001)	-	-	-	planned (for 2014)
	Monaco	1,974,444	32,020	16217	173
1) Area not included in total, as it is only proposed

For statistical purposes, the wards of Monaco are further subdivided into 173 city blocks (îlots), which are comparable to the census blocks in the United States.

Main article: History of Monaco

Monaco first gained its name from the nearby Phocaean Greek colony of Marseille, in the sixth century BC, which referred to the Ligurians as Monoikos, from the Greek Μόνοικος — μόνος + οίκος, "single house", which bears the sense of a people either settled in a "single habitation" or of "living apart" from others. According to an ancient myth, Hercules passed through the Monaco area. A temple was constructed there by Phoceans, the temple of Hercules Monoikos.

Following a land grant from Emperor Henry VI in 1191, Monaco was re-founded in 1228 as a colony of Genoa. Monaco has been ruled by the House of Grimaldi since 1297, when François Grimaldi ("Malizia", "The Malicious") and his men captured the fortress protecting the famous Rock of Monaco while he was dressed as a Franciscan monk – or, in Italian Monaco, although this is a coincidence as the area was already known by this name.

From 1793 to 1814, Monaco was under French control. The Congress of Vienna designated Monaco as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815 until 1860 when the Treaty of Turin ceded to France the surrounding county of Nice (as well as Savoy). During this time there was unrest in the towns of Menton and Roquebrune, which declared independence, hoping for annexation by Sardinia. The unrest continued until the ruling prince gave up his claim to the two towns (some 95% of the country) to France in return for four million francs. This transfer and Monaco's sovereignty was recognised by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861.

Until the 1911 constitution, the princes of Monaco were absolute rulers. In July 1918, a treaty was signed providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, part of the Treaty of Versailles, established that Monegasque international policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests.

Rainier III, Prince of Monaco acceded to the throne following the death of his grandfather, Prince Louis II, in 1949. A new constitution, proclaimed in 1962, abolished capital punishment, provided for women's suffrage, and established a Supreme Court to guarantee fundamental liberties. In 1993, Monaco became a member of the United Nations, with full voting rights.

In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco clarified that if there are no heirs to carry on the dynasty, the principality will remain an independent nation rather than revert to France. Monaco's military defence, however, is still the responsibility of France.

By 31 March 2005, Prince Rainier III had become too ill to exercise his duties and relinquished them to his son Prince Albert, Marquis of Baux. On 6 April 2005, Prince Rainier died and his son succeeded him as Albert II of Monaco. Prince Albert II of Monaco formally became the ruler of Monaco on 12 July 2005, in a celebration that began with a solemn Mass at the cathedral where his father was buried three months before, after a reign of fifty-six years. His accession to the throne was a two-step event with another ceremony drawing heads of state for an elaborate ceremony held on 19 November 2005. He is the son of the late actress and princess Grace Kelly.

Monaco has been governed as a constitutional monarchy since 1911, with the Sovereign Prince of Monaco as Head of state. The executive branch consists of a Minister of State (the head of government), who presides over a four-member Council of Government (the Cabinet). The minister of state is a French citizen appointed by the prince from among candidates proposed by the French government. Under the 1962 constitution, the prince shares his power with the unicameral National Council (parliament). The twenty-four members of this legislative body are elected from lists by universal suffrage for five-year terms. The principality's local affairs are directed by the Communal Council, which consists of fifteen elected members and is presided over by the mayor.

Monaco became a member of the United Nations in 1993, and received its first foreign diplomatic representative on 16 February 2006, when a French Ambassador was accredited to the Principality.

On both a per-capita and per-area basis, Monaco has the largest police force (517 police officers for 32,000 people) and police presence in the world.

The Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince (Prince's Company of Carabiniers) is the military force of Monaco. Although Monaco's defence is the responsibility of France, it maintains a small force for the protection of the Sovereign Prince of Monaco. It was formed by Prince Honoré IV in 1817 for the protection of the Principality. The company numbers exactly 112 officers and men; while the NCOs and soldiers are local, the officers have generally served in the French Army. Together with the local fire service, the Carabiniers form Monaco's total public forces. In addition to their guard duties, the company patrols the Principality's beaches and coastal waters, as well as other duties around the Palace in Monaco-Ville.

One of Monaco's main sources of income is tourism; each year many are attracted to its casino and pleasant climate. In 2001, a major new construction project extended the pier used by cruise ships in the main harbour. The principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries such as cosmetics and biothermics.

Monaco is one of the most expensive places on Earth. As of February 2007, Monaco had Europe's most expensive real estate, ahead of even London. The principality is often regarded as a tax haven, and most of its inhabitants are millionaires from other countries.

The state retains monopolies in numerous sectors, including tobacco and the postal service. The telephone network (Monaco Telecom) used to be owned by the state; it now owns 45%, while the remaining 55% is owned by Cable and Wireless (49%) and Compagnie Monégasque de Banque (6%). It is still, however, a monopoly. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas.

Monaco is not a member of the European Union but is very closely linked to it via a customs union with France, and as such its currency is the same as that of France: the euro. Prior to 2002, Monaco minted their own franc coins, the Monegasque franc. Monaco has acquired the right to mint euro coins with Monegasque designs on their national side.

The State has no income tax for individuals. The lack of personal income tax has led to a considerable number of wealthy "tax refugee" residents from European countries, who earn the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco; celebrities such as Formula One drivers attract most of the attention, but the majority of them are business people.

In 2000, a report by French parliamentarians Arnaud Montebourg and Vincent Peillon alleged that Monaco has lax policies with respect to money laundering, including within its famed casino, and that the government of Monaco puts political pressure on the judiciary so that alleged crimes are not properly investigated.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) issued in 1998 a first report on the consequences of the tax havens financial systems. Monaco does not appear in the list of these territories until 2004, when OECD became indignant regarding the Monegasque situation^[2] and denounces it in its last report^[3] (as well as Andorra, the Principality of Liechtenstein, Liberia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands) underlining its lack of co-operation as regards financial information disclosure and availability.

In 2000, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) underlined that Monaco suffers a great lack of adequate resources.^[4] The Principality is no longer blamed in the FATF 2005 report,^[5] as well as all other territories in 2006.^[6]

Since 2003, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has identified Monaco, along with 36 other territories, as a tax haven.^[7]

The Council of Europe also decided to issue reports naming tax havens. 22 territories, Monaco included, were thus evaluated between 1998 and 2000 on a first round. Monaco is the only territory that refuses to perform the second round, initially forecast between 2001 and 2003, whereas the 21 other territories are implementing the third and last round, planned between 2005 and 2007.^[8]

Since 1929, the Monaco Grand Prix has been held annually in the streets of Monaco. It is widely considered to be one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world, along with the Indianapolis 500, the Daytona 500, and the 24 hours of Le Mans. The erecting of the circuit takes six weeks to complete, and the removal after the race another three weeks. The circuit has many elevation changes and tight corners, along with a tunnel. This together with being incredibly narrow make it perhaps the most demanding Formula One track. Only two drivers have ever crashed into the harbour, the most famous being Alberto Ascari in 1955 (Ascari would lose his life four days later at Monza).

Monaco has ten state-operated schools, including seven nursery and primary schools, one secondary school (Collège Charles III), one lycée that provides general and technological training (Lycée Albert 1er), and one lycée that provides vocational and hotel training.^[9]

There are also two grant-aided denominational private schools (including Institution François d'Assise Nicolas Barré) and (Ecole des Sœurs Dominicaines) and one international school (International School of Monaco).

• International University of Monaco

Main article: Demographics of Monaco

Monaco's population is unusual in that the native Monegasques are a minority in their own country. The largest proportion of residents are French nationals (47%), followed by Monegasque (16%), and Italians (16%). The remaining 21% belong to one of the other 125 nationalities that make up Monaco's international population. At 45, Monaco's average age is the highest in the world.

French is the only official language, but Italian, English, and the two local languages, Monégasque (a local variety of Ligurian) and Occitan, are also spoken. The literacy rate is 99%. The Monégasque language is expected to experience a revival in the near future following a decision to teach it to all children in Monaco's schools.

Roman Catholicism is the official religion, with freedom of other religions guaranteed by the constitution. There are five Roman Catholic parish churches in Monaco and one cathedral presided over by an archbishop.

There is one Anglican church (St Paul's Church), located in the Avenue de Grande Bretagne in Monte Carlo. In 2007 this had a formal membership of 135 Anglicans resident in the principality, but was also serving a considerably larger number of Anglicans temporarily in the country, mostly as tourists. The church site also accommodates an English-language library of over 3,000 books.^[10]

The Association Culturelle Israelite de Monaco (founded 1948) is a house that has been converted into a synagogue, a community Hebrew school, and kosher food shop, located in Monte Carlo. There are weekly services on Shabbat. Several organizations, including WIZO and B’nai B’rith, are active in the Jewish community of Monaco. The community (approximately 1,000 strong) is mainly comprised of retired Jews from Britain (40%) and North Africa. There are also several Turkish and French Ashkenazi families. Half the population is Ashkenazi, while the other half are Sephardic.^[11] A small Jewish community existed prior to World War II, and was protected from Nazi persecution by the Government of Monaco, which issued false identity papers.

See also: Law enforcement in Monaco

Monaco has no army or air force, but has a small coast guard consisting of three small patrol boats. Security is provided by an armed police force consisting of 517 men and women. There is also a (mainly ceremonial) bodyguard unit for the Prince and his palace called the Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince which numbers 112 officers and men and is equipped with modern weapons such as M-16 rifles and 9mm pistols. The defense of the nation is provided by France.

The flag of Monaco reflects the heraldic colours of the Grimaldi family. It is one of the world's oldest national flag designs. The flag of Monaco is identical to that of Indonesia (except for the ratio of height to width).^[12]

Transport in Monaco Railway line and station Communications in Monaco Foreign relations of Monaco International University of Monaco Military of Monaco Music of Monaco

AS Monaco FC, local football team. Stade Louis II, the team's home stadium. Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo Oceanographic Museum List of Monegasque people List of rulers of Monaco Association des Guides et Scouts de Monaco

• Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra

1. ^ Monaco is a city state, the only city is thus the capital and has the same limit as the country. Monaco-Ville ("Monaco Town") is often mistaken as the capital city, it is simply a district (quartier) with the old town. Monaco territory and general description from the official government website
2. ^ Declaration of April 18th, 2004, by the representative of the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration Gabriel Makhlouf regarding the list of alleged tax havens non-cooperatives countries comparable
3. ^ Stage Report 2004: Project of OECD on the detrimental tax practices, OECD, Paris, 2004
4. ^ Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Measures, FATF, Paris, 2000
5. ^ Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Measures, FATF, Paris, 2005
6. ^ Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Measures, FATF, Paris, 2006
7. ^ « Financial Centres with Significant Offshore Activities » in Offshore Financial Centres. The Assessment Program. A Progress Report Supplementary Information, IMF, Washington, 2005
8. ^ First Mutual Evaluation Report on the Principality of Monaco, Moneyval, Strasbourg, 2003
9. ^ [1]
10. ^ See the website of St Paul's Church, Monaco.
11. ^ Details at Jewish Virtual Library
12. ^ [2]

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• Monaco Embassy in Washington, DC USA
• Official website of the Prince's Palace of Monaco
• ahead of London in Real estate prices
• Monaco yacht show
• Official website for Tourism
• CIA Factbook Entry for Monaco
• Permanent Mission of Monaco to the United Nations
• Monte Carlo -- all you need to know before coming in Monaco *
• MonacoRevue.com -- Online magazine in English about Monaco's people and lifestyle *
• Photos of Monaco in 3d (Anaglyphs)*
• Monaco Announces Its First GDP Figures*
• History of Monaco: Primary documents
• In the House of Grimaldi, a reprint of a 1993 article from the author's personal website
• (French) Order of the doctors of Monaco
• (French) Official Statistical Report 2006 (with detailed information about the 10 wards)PDF (1.24 MiB)
• Monaco travel guide from Wikitravel

Geographic locale

v • d • e Sovereign states of Europe Albania · Andorra · Armenia2 · Austria · Azerbaijan1 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus2 · Czech Republic · Denmark3 · Estonia · Finland · France1 · Georgia1 · Germany · Greece  · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy3 · Kazakhstan1 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands3 · Norway3 · Poland · Portugal3 · Romania · Russia1 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain1 · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey1 · Ukraine · United Kingdom3 · Vatican City 1 Has part of its territory outside Europe.  2 Entirely in West Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  3 Has dependencies or similar territories outside Europe. v • d • e Administrative divisions of Monaco Traditional Quartiers (by age of foundation) Monaco-Ville · La Condamine · Monte Carlo · Fontvieille Current Wards (by official Ward number) 01 Monte Carlo · 02 Saint Roman · 03 Larvotto · 04 La Condamine · 05 Monaco-Ville · 06 Fontvieille · 07 La Colle · 08 Les Révoires · 09 Moneghetti · 10 Saint Michel Modern Geographic 'Areas' (defined by Monaco Dept of Tourism) Monaco-Ville · La Condamine · Monte Carlo · Fontvieille · Moneghetti v • d • e Countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea  Albania  Algeria  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Croatia  Cyprus  Egypt  France  Greece  Israel  Italy  Lebanon  Libya  Malta  Monaco  Montenegro  Morocco  Slovenia  Spain  Syria  Tunisia  Turkey For dependent and other territories, see Dependent territory and List of unrecognized countries.

International organizations

v • d • e Council of Europe Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Malta · The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey · Ukraine · United Kingdom v • d • e Latin Union Andorra · Angola · Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Holy See · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Sovereign Military Order of Malta · Spain · Timor-Leste · Uruguay · Venezuela Official languages: Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish

Other information

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