Mount Fuji

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Mount Fuji 富士山
Mt. Fuji at sunrise from Lake Kawaguchi
Elevation	3,776 metres (12,388 ft)
Location	Chūbu region, Honshū, Japan
Prominence	3,776 m (12,388 ft)
Coordinates	35°21′28.8″N 138°43′51.6″E / 35.358, 138.731Coordinates: 35°21′28.8″N 138°43′51.6″E / 35.358, 138.731
Type	Stratovolcano
Last eruption	1707^[1]
First ascent	663 by an anonymous monk
Easiest route	Hiking

Mount Fuji

Mount Fuji (富士山, Fuji-san^?, IPA: [ɸɯʥisaɴ]) listen (help·info), is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776 m (12,388 ft). A dormant volcano that last erupted in 1707, it straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi prefectures just west of Tokyo, from which it can be seen on a clear day. It is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshū. Three small cities surround it, they are: Gotemba (East), Fuji-Yoshida (North) and Fujinomiya (Southwest).

Mount Fuji's exceptionally symmetrical cone is a well-known symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs, as well as visited by sightseers and climbers.

1 Geography
2 Geology
3 Name
- 3.1 Variations
- 3.2 Etymology
4 History
5 Climbing Mount Fuji
6 Paragliding at Mount Fuji
7 Aokigahara
8 Transportation
- 8.1 Airports
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
12 Gallery

Mt. Fuji stands at 3,776 m (12,388 ft) high and is surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Shoji. They, and nearby Lake Ashi, provide excellent views of the mountain. It is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It is also an active stratovolcano. The climate is very cold due to the altitude and the cone is covered by snow throughout the year. The lowest recorded temperature is -35.5C while on August 16th 2007 the highest temperature was recorded at 18.2 C.

Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mt. Fuji. The first phase, called Sen-komitake, is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain. Sen-komitake was followed by the "Komitake Fuji," a basalt layer believed to be formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, "Old Fuji" was formed over the top of Komitake Fuji. The modern, "New Fuji" is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago. [1]

The volcano is currently classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption started on December 16th 1707 and ended about February 24th 1708 during the Edo period. This is sometimes called "the great Hōei eruption."

Hōei 4, on the 22nd day of the 10th month (1707): An eruption of Fuji-san -- the cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.^[2]

At this time, a new crater, along with a second peak, named Hōei-zan after the era name, formed halfway down its side. Scientists are saying that there may be some minor volcanic activity in the next few years.^{[citation needed]}

Mount Fuji is located at the point where the Eurasian Plate (or the Amurian Plate), the Okhotsk Plate, and the Philippine Plate meet. Those plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively.

Fuji-san is sometimes incorrectly referred to as Fuji Yama in some Western texts, but this reading is not correct in standard Japanese. The often-found or -heard "Mount Fujisan" is redundant since the -san suffix means mountain.

In Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki romanization, the name is transliterated as Huzi. At the Japanese pavilion at the World's Fair of San Francisco in 1939, a gigantic photograph was labeled Mt. Huzi^{[citation needed]}. Nevertheless, the spelling Fuji of the Hepburn romanization is much more common worldwide today.

Other Japanese names for Mt. Fuji, which have become obsolete or poetic, include Fuji-no-Yama (ふじの山, the Mountain of Fuji), Fuji-no-Takane (ふじの高嶺, the High Peak of Fuji), Fuyō-hō (芙蓉峰, the Lotus Peak), and Fugaku (富岳 or 富嶽, the first character of 富士, Fuji, and 岳, mountain).

The current kanji for Mount Fuji, 富 and 士, mean wealth or abundant and a man with a certain status respectively, but these characters are probably ateji; the characters were likely selected because their pronunciations match the syllables of the name, and do not carry a particular meaning.

The origin of the name Fuji is unclear. An early folk etymology claims that Fuji came from 不二 (not + two), meaning without equal or nonpareil. Another claims that it came from 不尽 (not + exhaust), meaning neverending. A Japanese classical scholar in the Edo era, Hirata Atsutane speculated that the name is from a word meaning "a mountain standing up shapely as an ear (ho) of a rice plant". A British missionary John Batchelor (1854-1944) argued that the name is from the Ainu word for 'fire' (fuchi) of the fire deity (Kamui Fuchi), which was denied by a Japanese linguist Kyōsuke Kindaichi (1882-1971) on the grounds of phonetic development (sound change). It is also pointed out that huchi means an 'old woman' and ape is the word for 'fire', ape huchi kamuy being the fire deity. Research on the distribution of place names that include fuji as a part also suggest the origin of the word fuji is in the Yamato language rather than Ainu. A Japanese toponymist Kanji Kagami argued that the name has the same root as 'wisteria' (fuji) and 'rainbow' (niji, but with an alternative word fuji), and came from its "long well-shaped slope".^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

A text of the Tale of the Bamboo Cutter says that the name came from "immortal" (不死, fushi, fuji^?) and also from the image of abundant (富, fu^?) soldiers (士, shi, ji^?)^† ascending the slopes of the mountain.^[7]

† Although the word 士 can mean a soldier (兵士, heishi, heiji^?), or a samurai (武士, bushi^?), its original meaning is a man with a certain status.

Mt. Fuji October 2007

It is thought that the first ascent was in 663 by an anonymous monk. The summit has been thought of sacred since ancient times and was forbidden to women until the Meiji Era.

The first ascent by a foreigner was by Sir Rutherford Alcock in 1860.

Today, it is a popular tourist destination and common destination for mountain-climbing.

Mount Fuji is an attractive volcanic cone and a frequent subject of Japanese art. The most renowned work is Ukiyo-e painter Hokusai's masterpiece 36 Views of Mount Fuji. It is also mentioned in Japanese literature throughout the ages and the subject of many poems.

Mt. Fuji also houses a warrior tradition: ancient samurai used the base of the mountain as a remote training area, near the present day town of Gotemba. The shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo held yabusame in the area in the early Kamakura period. As of 2006, the Japan Self-Defense Forces and the United States Marine Corps operate military bases near Mount Fuji.

See also Historic eruptions of Mt.Fuji

Sunrise on Mt. Fuji

Switchbacks and retaining walls along the trail, to reduce erosion from the large number of climbers

The most popular period for people to hike up Mt. Fuji is from 1 July to 27 August, while huts and other facilities are operating. Buses to the fifth station start running on 1 July.

There are four major routes from the fifth station to the summit with an additional four routes from the foot of the mountain. The major routes from the fifth station are (clockwise) the Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotemba, and Fujinomiya routes. The routes from the foot of the mountain are the Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama, and Murayama routes. The stations on different routes are at different sea levels. The highest fifth station is located at Fujinomiya, followed by Kawaguchi, Subashiri, and Gotemba.

Even though it is only the second highest fifth station, the Kawaguchiko route is the most popular route because of its large parking area. During the summer season, most Mount Fuji climbing tour buses arrive there. The next popular is the Fujinomiya route which has the highest fifth station, followed by Subashiri and Gotemba.

Even though most climbers do not climb the Subashiri and Gotemba routes, many descend down these because of their ash-covered paths. From the seventh station to near the fifth station, one could literally run down these ash-covered paths in approximately 30 minutes. It is also possible to ride a mountain bike down Mt. Fuji from the summit, making for a particularly quick descent, (though it is particularly risky, as it becomes difficult to control speed, and there are often a large number of people on the descending trail).

The four routes from the foot of the mountain offer historical sites. The Murayama is the oldest Mount Fuji route and the Yoshida route still has many old shrines, teahouses, and huts along its path. These routes are gaining popularity recently and are being restored, but don't expect to meet many people climbing from the foot of the mountain. Also, bears have been sighted along the Yoshida route.

An estimated 200,000 people climb Mount Fuji every year, 30% of whom are foreigners. The ascent can take anywhere between three and eight hours while the descent can take from two to five hours. The hike is divided into 10 stations, and there are paved roads up to the fifth station, which is about 2,300 meters above sea level. Huts at this station are not usually manned at night for climbers.

There are eight peaks around the crater at the summit. The highest point in Japan is where there used to be the Mount Fuji Radar System. Climbers are able to visit these peaks.

Paraglider at South side, view from Gotenba

Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the Gotemba parking lot (gogome), between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak, at the south side from the Mountain, and several other locations depending on the wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotenba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.

Aokigahara is a forest that lies at the base of the mountain. A very popular myth states that the magnetic iron deposits underground causes compasses to hopelessly malfunction causing travellers to get lost. However this myth is partially false. Japan's Self Defence Force and the US Military regularly run training practices through portions of the forest, during which military grade lensatic compasses have been verified to function properly. However the magnetic fields generated by iron deposits in the forest floor generally cause problems with commercially available compasses - it causes them to have a consistent false reading of south as north.^{[citation needed]} Nevertheless, vehicles, GPS equipment, and other electronic devices function properly regardless.

The caverns found in the Aokigahara forest contain ice even during summer. Legends tell of monsters, ghosts, and goblins haunting the forest, adding to its sinister reputation. Furthermore, Aokigahara Jukai (The Sea of Trees) is the top suicide area in Japan; the spirits of those who kill themselves there are said to be cursed to forever haunt the area. Over 78 bodies were discovered in 2002 alone, prompting officials to put up signs attempting to convince suicide candidates to go back and take advantage of advisory support.

v • d • e Transit in the Hakone, Izu Peninsula, and Mount Fuji area
Izuhakone Railway Group	Daiyūzan Line • Hakone Komagatake Ropeway • Jukkokutōge Cable Car • Lake Ashi Excursion Ship • Sunzu Line
Odakyū Group	Hakone Ropeway • Hakone Sightseeing Cruise • Hakone Tozan Cable Car • Hakone Tozan Line
JR Lines	Gotemba Line • Itō Line • Minobu Line • Tōkaidō Main Line • Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Others	Atami Ropeway • Fujikyū Line • Izu Kyūkō Line • Katsuragiyama Ropeway • Mt. Kachi Kachi Ropeway • Shimoda Ropeway
Miscellaneous	Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park • Shizuoka Airport • Transportation in Greater Tokyo

The closest major airports are Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) in Tokyo and Narita International Airport in Chiba. Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport is currently under construction in Shizuoka and expected to be completed and operational by March, 2009. It is about 80 km (50 mi) from Mt. Fuji.

On 5 March 1966, BOAC Flight 911, a Boeing 707, broke up in flight and crashed near Mount Fuji, shortly after departure from Tokyo International Airport. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members were killed in the disaster, which was attributed to extreme clear air turbulence caused by lee waves downwind of the mountain.

Peak of Mt. Fuji

Geography of Japan
Historic eruptions of Mt.Fuji
Hoei eruption of Mount Fuji
Suruga Bay picture with Mt.Fuji at the background

^ Global Volcanism Program
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 416.
^ http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/e-museum/fujiyama/furufuji4.htm
^ http://tisen.jp/tisenwiki/index.php?%C9%D9%BB%CE%BB%B3
^ http://www5f.biglobe.ne.jp/~genn/sub5.html
^ http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hi5k-stu/aynu/huji.htm
^ Japanese Text Initiative theTaketori monogatari

Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652]. Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth. Paris: Oriental Translation Society of Great Britain and Ireland.... Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Mt. Fuji

Image of Mount Fuji taken by NASA.	Red Fuji by Hokusai	Image of Mount Fuji taken from an airplane.	Shadow of Mount Fuji on the upper side of the cloud-layer
Torii near summit of Mount Fuji	Buildings and hikers at the summit of Mount Fuji	Mount Fuji with a Shinkansen and Sakura blossoms in the foreground	Mount Fuji seen from Mount Tanjo on a clear day in mid-October
Kawaguchi Railway Station on the Fujiko Line with Mount Fuji in background	Lake Saiko, Yamanashi with Mount Fuji in background	Image of Mount Fuji taken from the ISS.	Mt. Fuji in Nov 2006 from the Tokyo to Kyoto Shinkansen (bullet train).
Sign near the top	Mount Fuji from a 5th Station parking lot, December 30, 2006	The Great Wave off Kanagawa (1832), from 36 Views of Mount Fuji, by Hokusai	Surugacho (Suruga Street) (1856), from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, by Hiroshige, depicting the Echigoya kimono and money exchange store with Mount Fuji in background
Mount Fuji at sunset as seen from an airplane approaching Narita airport, December 2003.