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A multiparadigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm. As Leda designer Tim Budd holds it: The idea of a multiparadigm language is to provide a framework in which programmers can work in a variety of styles, freely intermixing constructs from different paradigms. The design goal of such languages is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.

An example is Oz, which has subsets that are a logic language (Oz descends from logic programming), a functional language, an object-oriented language, a dataflow concurrent language, and more. Oz was designed over a ten-year period to combine in a harmonious way concepts that are traditionally associated with different programming paradigms.

Contents 1 Multiparadigm languages 1.1 Two paradigms 1.2 Three paradigms 1.3 Four paradigms 1.4 Five paradigms 1.5 Eight paradigms 2 See also 3 References

Languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

• dataflow, visual
  • LabVIEW^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative
  • APL^{[citation needed]}
• functional, logic
  • ALF^{[citation needed]}
• functional, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Dylan^{[citation needed]}
  • Sather^{[citation needed]}
• functional, visual
  • Spreadsheets^{[citation needed]}
• imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • AmigaE^{[citation needed]}
  • PHP^[1][2]
  • Simula^{[citation needed]}
• object-oriented (class-based), (prototype-based)
  • Metaobject protocols^{[citation needed]}
• object-oriented (class-based), visual
  • Lava^{[citation needed]}

• concurrent, dataflow, functional
  • SISAL^{[citation needed]}
• concurrent, functional, distributed
  • Erlang^{[citation needed]}
• concurrent, functional, logic
  • Curry^{[citation needed]}
• concurrent, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • ChucK^{[citation needed]}
  • Java ^[3]
• dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual
  • Prograph^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, logic
  • Poplog^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • BETA^{[citation needed]}
  • Common Lisp^{[citation needed]}
  • J^{[citation needed]}
  • Ocaml
  • Perl^{[citation needed]}
  • Pliant^{[citation needed]}
  • Python ^[4]
  • Tcl with itcl or XOTcl extensions^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based)
  • ECMAScript^{[citation needed]}
    • ActionScript^{[citation needed]}
    • DMDScript^{[citation needed]}
    • E4X^{[citation needed]}
    • JavaScript ^[5][6]
    • JScript^{[citation needed]}
  • Lua^{[citation needed]}
  • Tcl with Snit extension^{[citation needed]}
• generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • C++^{[citation needed]}
  • D^{[citation needed]}

• imperative, functional, generic (template metaprogramming), object-oriented (class-based)
  • C#^{[citation needed]}
• functional, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Objective Caml^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, concurrent (Actor model), object-oriented (prototype-based)
  • Io^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, concurrent, object-oriented (prototype-based)
  • Ruby^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Leda^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), dialected
  • REBOL^{[citation needed]}
• imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based
  • ROOP^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Windows PowerShell^{[citation needed]}

• concurrent (rendezvous and monitor-like based), distributed, generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Ada^{[7][8][9][10][11]}

• concurrent, constraint, dataflow, distributed, functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Oz^{[citation needed]}
    • Mozart Programming System (a multiplatform Oz)

• Programming paradigm
• Categorical list of programming languages
• Domain-specific programming language

This article or section needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third-party publications. Alone, primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article. Please include more appropriate citations from reliable sources.

• Multiparadigm Design for C++, by Jim Coplien, 1998.
• Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming, by Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi, 2004.

v • d • e Types of Programming languages

Array · Assembly · Compiled · Concurrent · Curly bracket · Data-oriented · Data-structured · Dataflow · Declarative · Domain-specific · Esoteric · Extension · Functional · Imperative · Interpreted · Logic · Machine · Macro · Metaprogramming · Multi-paradigm · Non-English-based · Object-oriented · Off-side rule · Procedural · Prototype-based · Reflective · Rule-based · Scripting · Synchronous · Visual