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In the United States, a municipal bond (or muni) is a bond issued by a state, city or other local government, or their agencies. Potential issuers of municipal bonds include cities, counties, redevelopment agencies, school districts, publicly owned airports and seaports, and any other governmental entity (or group of governments) below the state level. Municipal bonds may be general obligations of the issuer or secured by specified revenues. Interest income received by holders of municipal bonds is often exempt from the federal income tax and from the income tax of the state in which they are issued, although municipal bonds issued for certain purposes may not be tax exempt.

Contents 1 Purpose of municipal bonds 1.1 Municipal bond issuers 1.2 Municipal bond holders 2 Characteristics of municipal bonds 2.1 Taxability 3 Risk 4 Comparison to corporate bonds 5 References 6 External links

Municipal bonds are issued by states, cities, and counties, or their agencies (the municipal issuer) to raise funds. The methods and practices of issuing debt are governed by an extensive system of laws and regulations, which vary by state. Bonds bear interest at either a fixed or variable rate of interest.

The issuer of a municipal bond receives a cash payment at the time of issuance in exchange for a promise to repay the investors who provide the cash payment (the bond holder) over time. Repayment periods can be as short as a few months (although this is rare) to 20, 30, or 40 years, or even longer.

The issuer typically uses proceeds from a bond sale to pay for capital projects or for other purposes it cannot or does not desire to pay for immediately with funds on hand. Tax regulations governing municipal bonds generally require all money raised by a bond sale to be spent on one-time capital projects within three to five years of issuance.^[1] Certain exceptions permit the issuance of bonds to fund other items, including ongoing operations and maintenance expenses, the purchase of single-family and multi-family mortgages, and the funding of student loans, among many other things.

Because of the special tax-exempt status of most municipal bonds, investors usually accept lower interest payments than on other types of borrowing (assuming comparable risk). This makes the issuance of bonds an attractive source of financing to many municipal entities, as the borrowing rate available in the open market is frequently lower than what is available through other borrowing channels.

Municipal bonds are one of several ways states, cities and counties can issue debt. Other mechanisms include certificates of participation and lease-buyback agreements. While these methods of borrowing differ in legal structure, they are similar to the municipal bonds described in this article.

Municipal bond holders may purchase bonds either directly from the issuer at the time of issuance (on the primary market), or from other bond holders at some time after issuance (on the secondary market). In exchange for an upfront investment of capital, the bond holder receives payments over time composed of interest on the invested principal, and a return of the invested principal itself (see bond).

Repayment schedules differ with the type of bond issued. Municipal bonds typically pay interest semi-annually. Shorter term bonds generally pay interest only until maturity; longer term bonds generally are amortized through annual principal payments. Longer and shorter term bonds are often combined together in a single issue that requires the issuer to make approximately level annual payments of interest and principal. Certain bonds, known as zero coupon or capital appreciation bonds, accrue interest until maturity at which time both interest and principal become due.

One of the primary reasons municipal bonds are considered separately from other types of bonds is their special ability to provide tax-exempt income. Interest paid by the issuer to bond holders is often exempt from all federal taxes, as well as state or local taxes depending on the state in which the issuer is located, subject to certain restrictions. Bonds issued for certain purposes are subject to the alternative minimum tax.

The type of project or projects that are funded by a bond affects the taxability of income received on the bonds held by bond holders. Interest earnings on bonds that fund projects that are constructed for the public good are generally exempt from federal income tax, while interest earnings on bonds issued to fund projects partly or wholly benefiting only private parties, sometimes referred to as private activity bonds, may be subject to federal income tax.

The laws governing the taxability of municipal bond income are complex; however, bonds are typically certified by a law firm as either tax-exempt (federal and/or state income tax) or taxable before they are offered to the market. Purchasers of municipal bonds should be aware that not all municipal bonds are tax-exempt.

Main article: credit risk

The risk ("security") of a municipal bond is a measure of how likely the issuer is to make all payments, on time and in full, as promised in the agreement between the issuer and bond holder (the "bond documents"). Different types of bonds carry different securities, based on the promises made in the bond documents:

• General obligation bonds promise to repay based on the full faith and credit of the issuer; these bonds are typically considered the most secure type of municipal bond, and therefore carry the lowest interest rate.
• Revenue bonds promise repayment from a specified stream of future income, such as income generated by a water utility from payments by customers.
• Assessment bonds promise repayment based on property tax assessments of properties located within the issuer's boundaries.

In addition, there are several other types of municipal bonds with different promises of security.

The probability of repayment as promised is often determined by an independent reviewer, or "rating agency". The three main rating agencies for municipal bonds in the United States are Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch. These agencies can be hired by the issuer to assign a bond rating, which is valuable information to potential bond holders that helps sell bonds on the primary market.

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (October 2007)

Because municipal bonds are most often tax-exempt, comparing the coupon rates of municipal bonds to corporate or other taxable bonds can be misleading. Taxes reduce the net income on taxable bonds, meaning that a tax-exempt municipal bond has a higher after-tax yield than a corporate bond with the same coupon rate.

This relationship can be demonstrated mathematically, as follows:

rm = rc ( 1 - t )

where

rm = interest rate of municipal bond
rc = interest rate of comparable corporate bond
t = tax rate

For example if:

rc = 10%
t = 38%

then

rm = 0.10 (1 - .38) = 0.062 (6.2%)

it would seem the easiest way to compute the taxable equivalent yield would be to divide the coupon ( rate of interest paid ) by 100% minus the individuals federal tax bracket. For example: Mr. Jones is in the 35% tax bracket 100-35 = 65 or .65( he is keeping 65% of his income ) 6.2/.65 = 9.538% Taxable equivalent yield.

All questions regarding tax liabilities should be answered by a licensed C.P.A. Both starred changes were posted by a licensed Broker specializing in fixed income securities.

A municipal bond that pays 6.2% therefore generates equal interest income after taxes as a corporate bond that pays 10% (assuming all else is equal).

Because longer maturity municipal bonds tend to offer significantly higher after-tax yields than corporate bonds with the same credit rating and maturity, investors in higher tax brackets may be motivated to arbitrage municipal bonds against corporate bonds using a strategy called municipal bond arbitrage.

• Detailed Overview of Municipal Bonds,
• The Bond Buyer, newspaper focusing on the municipal bond industry.
• The Bond Market Association, the industry trade group.
• Municipal Finance Journal, the only peer-reviewed journal devoted to municipal securities and state & local public finance.
• How to Purchase Municipal Bonds, a simple primer.
• About Municipal Bonds

v • d • e Bond market
Fixed income · Bond · Debenture
Types of bonds by issuer	Government bond · Sovereign bond · Agency bond · Municipal bond · Corporate bond · Emerging market debt
Types of bonds by payout	Fixed rate bond · Floating rate note · Zero coupon bond · Inflation-indexed bond · Commercial paper · Accrual bond · Auction rate security · High-yield debt · Convertible bond · Mortgage-backed security · Asset-backed security
Derivatives	Bond option · Credit derivative · Credit default swap · Collateralized debt obligation · Collateralized mortgage obligation
Pricing	Bond valuation · Par value · Coupon · Clean price · Dirty price · Accrued interest · Day count convention
Yield analysis	Nominal yield · Current yield · Yield to maturity  · Yield curve · Bond duration  · Bond convexity
Credit and spread analysis	Credit analysis · Credit risk · Credit spread · Yield spread · Option adjusted spread
Interest rate models	Short rate models · Rendleman-Bartter · Vasicek · Ho-Lee · Hull-White · Cox-Ingersoll-Ross · Chen · Heath-Jarrow-Morton · Black-Derman-Toy · Brace-Gatarek-Musiela