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Muskox
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Muskox | ||||||||||||||||
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| Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann, 1780) |
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 Range map. Blue indicates areas where the muskox has been successfully implanted in the 20th century. Red indicates established range.
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The muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is an arctic mammal of the Bovidae family, noted for its thick coat and for the strong odor emitted by males, from which its name derives.
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As a part of the Bovidae family, muskoxen are more closely related to sheep and goats than to oxen, but are in their own genus, Ovibos. Both sexes have long curved horns. Muskoxen are usually around 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long and 1.4 m (4.6) high at the shoulder. Adults usually weigh at least 200 kg (440 lb) and can exceed 400 kg (880 lb). Their coat, a mix of black, gray, and brown, includes long guard hairs that reach almost to the ground. Rare "white muskox" have been spotted in the Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary[1] Muskox wool, or qiviut (an Inuit word), is highly prized for its softness, length, and insulative value. Prices for yarn range between $50 and $100 per ounce.
During the summer, muskoxen live in wet areas, such as river valleys, moving to higher elevations in the winter to avoid deep snow. They graze on grasses, reeds, sedges, and other ground plants, digging through snow in the winter to reach their food.
Muskoxen are social and live in herds, usually of around 10–20 animals, but sometimes over 400. Winter herds consist of adults of both sexes as well as young animals. During the mating season, which peaks in mid-August, males compete for dominance, and one dominant bull drives other adult males out of the group. Non-breeding males will often form male only herds of 3-10 or wander the tundra alone. During this period all males are extremely aggressive. Bulls will even charge birds if they are close by.
Females are sexually mature at two years of age, and males reach sexual maturity after five years. The gestation period is eight or nine months. Almost all pregnancies yield single calves. The young nurse for a year, but may start to eat grasses as soon as a week after birth.
Muskoxen have a distinctive defensive behavior: when the herd is threatened, the bulls and cows will face outward to form a stationary ring around the calves. This is an effective defense against predators such as wolves, but makes them an easy target for human hunters.
The muskox, or its ancestor, is believed to have migrated to North America between 200,000[2] and 90,000 years ago.[3] It is agreed however that the muskox was alive in the Pleistocene period[4] making it a contemporary of the Mammoth. It is thought that the muskox was able to survive the last ice age (Wisconsin glaciation) by finding ice free areas away from prehistoric peoples[3]. The muskox gradually moved across North America and arrived in Greenland during the late Holocene[5].
Muskoxen are native to the Arctic areas of Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. The Alaska population was wiped out in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century, but muskoxen have since been reintroduced to Alaska. The United States Fish & Wildlife introduced muskox onto the Nunivak Island in 1935 as a means for sustenance living.The species has also been reintroduced from Banks Island to northern Europe, including Sweden, Estonia, the Dovre region of Norway, and Russia and from Ellesmere island to Eastern Canada, in the province of Quebec. Muskoxen were close to extinction at one point, but have recovered after being protected from hunting. The world population is estimated at between 80,000[6] and 125,000[7], with an estimated 68,788 living on Banks Island.[8]
The last known muskox population outside North America lived on the Taymyr Peninsula of Siberia, and died out about 2,000 years ago[4].
- ^ Search for the Legendary White Musk-ox
- ^ Wildlife Management Advisory Council (North Slope) fact sheet
- ^ a b Hinterland Who's Who ISBN 0-660-13637-6
- ^ a b Science Daily
- ^ Cambridge Journals Abstract
- ^ Robert G. White Large Animal Research Station, University of Alaska
- ^ Muskox, (Ovibos moschatus) US Fish & Wildlife Service
- ^ Annual Report of Research and Monitoring in National Parks of the Western Arctic 2003, Parks Canada
- Caprinae Specialist Group (1996). Ovibos moschatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
- Ellis, E. Ovibos moschatus.
- Robert G. White Large Animal Research Station at the University of Alaska Fairbanks
- Alaska Zoo
- Alex Trebek and John Teal's Reintroduction of Muskox to Alaska
- Jork Meyer, "Sex ratio in muskox skulls (Ovibos moschatus) found at East Greenland" (Geschlechterverhältnis bei Schädeln des Moschusochsen (Ovibos moschatus) in Ostgrönland) Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildtierforschung 29 (2004): 187-192.
- The New Student's Reference Work/Musk-Ox