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Mutillidae
Dasymutilla sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Suborder: Apocrita Superfamily: Vespoidea Family: Mutillidae
Subfamilies
Mutillinae Myrmillinae Myrmosinae Pseudophotopsidinae Rhopalomutillinae Sphaeropthalminae Ticoplinae

Mutillidae or velvet ants, are a family of wasps which resemble ants, and belong to the same superfamily. The velvet ant name refers to their hair which may be red, black, white, silvery or golden. In some places they are also known as cow killers or cow ants.

Their integument is very tough and roughly textured, providing protection against the stings of the wasps and bees whose nests they invade. As in other related families in the Vespoidea, the males have wings, but females are completely wingless. They exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism; the males and females are so different in appearance that it is, in fact, almost impossible to associate the two sexes of any given species, unless they are actually captured in the act of mating. In a few species, the male is so much larger than the female that he carries her aloft while mating (also seen in the related family Tiphiidae).

They are known for their extremely painful sting, the venom of which was jokingly stated to be powerful enough to kill a cow, hence the nickname "cow killers." Additionally, it has been stated cows occasionally would be stung while rolling in the sands of Florida. The resulting sting would fester, allowing the screw-worm fly to enter the wound. This would result in the death of the cow. The name hung on to the velvet ant even after the screw fly was eradicated in Florida in 1982. As with all Hymenoptera, only the females sting, and like all other wasps, they can sting multiple times. If handled, they also have a structure called a stridulitrum on the metasoma which they use to produce a squeaking, chirping sound (more like a high pitched hum) to warn would-be predators.

The family can be recognized best in the female; they are the only wingless female wasps that have hair-lined grooves on the side of the metasoma (called "felt lines") and in which the segments of the mesosoma are all fused dorsally. Only one other vespoid family (Bradynobaenidae) has felt lines, but the females have a distinct pronotum and an elongated ant-like petiole. The earliest-known velvet ants are believed to be specimens from the Dominican Republic preserved in amber for some 25 to 40 million years.

The male wasp flies around, searching for females. After mating, the female seeks out an insect's (typically bee's or wasp's) nest. Upon finding a suitable host, she lays her eggs near the larvae or pupae. The mutillid larva develops as an idiobiont ectoparasitoid, eventually killing and eating its immobile host. A few European species have been known to invade and raid beehives.

Mature mutillids feed upon flower nectar.

Mutillids occur worldwide, with a total of some 5000 species, mostly in the tropics. They are especially common in desert and sandy areas, with most of the over 400 North American species found in California, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent parts of Mexico, with others found in generally sandy regions in every other state in the US and Canada; the same habitat where their hosts, ground-nesting bees and wasps, are most diverse. Many species are nocturnal, avoiding the searing heat of their desert environment.

Dasymutilla occidentalis

A. S. Lelej Catalogue of the Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) of the Palaearctic Region [1] (pdf)

• Lorus J. Milne, National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders (Audubon Society Field Guide) (Turtleback)(1980) Knopf. ISBN 0-394-50763-0.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Category: Mutillidae

• Family Mutillidae - Velvet Ants - BugGuide.Net - images and other information