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A mutual, mutual organization, or mutual society is an organization (which is often, but not always, a company or business) based on the principle of mutuality. Unlike a true cooperative, members usually do not contribute to the capital of the company by direct investment, but derive their right to profits and votes through their customer relationship. A mutual organization or society is often simply referred to as a mutual.

A mutual exists with the purpose of raising funds (or money), from its membership or customers (collectively called its members), which can then be used to provide common services to all members of the organization or society. A mutual is therefore owned by, and run for the benefit of, its members - it has no external shareholders to pay in the form of dividends, and as such does not usually seek to maximize and make large profits or capital gains. Mutuals exist for the members to benefit from the services they provide.

Profits made will usually be re-invested in the mutual for the benefit of the members, although some profit may also be necessary in the case of mutuals to sustain or grow the organization, and to make sure it remains safe and secure.

The primary form of financial business set up as a mutual company in the United States has been mutual insurance. Some insurance companies are set up as stock companies and then mutualized, their ownership passing to their policy owners. Under this idea, what would have been profits are instead rebated to the clients in the form of dividend distributions or reduced future premiums. This could be seen as a competitive advantage to such companies — the idea of owning a piece of the company could be more attractive to some potential clients than the idea of being a source of profits for investors.

However, the mutual form of ownership also has many disadvantages. The chief of them is that mutual companies must generate capital for growth internally — they have no shares to sell and hence no access to equity markets. Another shortcoming is the tendency of the management of such companies to act as if they were themselves the ultimate owners. While major decisions are technically subject to the vote of members, in fact very few members are cognizant of the daily operations of the company as would be outside investor groups such as mutual funds or pension funds. Further, without large shareholders exerting pressure to maximize profits, management has little incentive to control costs.

At one time, most major U.S. life insurers were mutual companies. For many years, the tax status of such organizations was open to dispute, as they were technically nonprofit organizations. Eventually, it was agreed that federal taxation would be based on their share of business: for instance, in years in which mutual companies represented half of the business, they would be responsible for half of the taxes paid by the industry.

Many savings and loan associations were also mutual companies, owned by their depositors.

As a form of corporate ownership the mutual has fallen out of favor in the U.S. since the 1980s. Savings and loan industry deregulation and the late 1980s S&L crisis led many to change to stock ownership, or in some cases into banks. Many large U.S.-based insurance companies, such as the Prudential Insurance Company of America and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company have demutualized, with shares of stock being distributed to their policyholders to represent the ownership interest they formerly had in the form of their interest as mutual policyholders.

The Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company has also investigated demutualization, even though its form of ownership is embedded in its name. It is noted that other formerly mutual companies such as Washington Mutual, a former savings and loan association, have been allowed to demutualize and yet retain their names.

The approximate British equivalent of the Saving and Loan is the building society. Building societies also went through an era of demutualisation in the 1980s and 1990s, leaving only one large national building society and a limited number of small regional and local ones. Significant demutualisation also occurred in Australia in the same era.

Cooperatives are very similar to mutual companies. However, they tend to deal in primarily tangible goods and services such as agricultural commodities or utilities rather than intangible products such as financial services. Banking institutions with closer ties to the cooperative movement are usually known as credit unions or cooperative banks rather than mutuals.

Various types of financial institutions around the world are mutuals, and examples include:

• Building societies
• Credit unions
• Friendly societies
• Mutual insurance/Assurance companies
  • Current:
    • Gjensidige - Norway
    • Liberty Mutual Insurance - United States
    • New York Life - United States
    • Northwestern Mutual Life - United States
    • State Farm Insurance - United States
  • Former:
    • Metropolitan Life - United States
    • Principal Financial Group - United States
    • Prudential - United States
• Savings and loan associations
• Mutual savings bank
• Asset management companies
  • The Vanguard Group - United States

Modern mutual financial institutions usually offer services very similar (if not the same) to those of a bank, except a mutual may pay higher interest rates on savings and deposit accounts, charge lower interest rates on mortgages and loans, have fewer or lower fees and charges on the services or products it offers, and the members who save and borrow with the mutual ultimately own the business.

A mutual may convert itself to a non-mutual through the process of demutualization. This process became increasingly common in the 1980s as a result of "Thatcherite" policies and ideology. In the USA, conversion may be full, to a public company, or, in many states, partial, to a mutual holding company.

• Are mutuals an endangered species? -- Swiss RE article on the result of demutualization activity.
• Report on the near collapse of the Equitable Life Assurance Society (Commissioned by the UK House of Commons, 2001)
• ICMIF – International Cooperative and Mutual Insurance Federation (registration required)