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Mykhailo Petrovych Drahomanov (August 30, 1841, Hadiach – July 2, 1895, Sofia; Ukrainian: Михайло Петрович Драгоманов) was a famous Ukrainian political theorist, economist, historian, philosopher, ethnographer and public figure in Kiev. Born to the family of nobility of Cossack descent Drahomanov started his education at home, studied at Hadiach school, Poltava gymnasium and Kiev University. He was also an uncle of Larysa Kosach (Lesya Ukrainka) the great Ukrainian poetess. He lectured at Kiev University from 1870 to 1875, but because of the repressions against the Ukrainian movement peaking up in 1876 with Ems ukaz was forced to leave Russian Empire and emigrated to Geneva. In emigration he continued his political, scholarly and publishing activities. In 1885–95, he was a professor at the University of Sofia. Drahomanov is known as the first one to write a systematic political program for the Ukrainian national movement. He himself defined his political convictions as "ethical socialism," and was deeply impressed by socialist literature as a teenager. In the 1860s he was involved into hromada movement, briefly worked with peasants in Sunday school run by the members of Kiev hromada and developed his views on social question. In the early 1870s he was one of the younger leftist wing in Kiev hromada. While in emigration he published peridoical Hromada which was financed by the members of Kiev hromada but they broke up with him after decided that his viewed were for them too radical. Mykhailo Drahomanov argued that in the Ukrainian case national movement had to address the social question. He was against narrow nationalist egocentrism and believed that nationality was just a form to achieve unviersal human ideals. As a figure of some importance in Russian and European socialism Drahomanov did not accept Marxist and social-democratic orientation because of his fear of centralization and state power but located himself onthe anarchist wing of the movement. According to his vision the ideal future world will be one of "free unions," united with each other from below on some pragmatic basis. Drahomanov did not reject the revolution outright but usually spoke in favor of gradual reforms taking root among the society. He believed that Russia desperately needed a constitution with the next step being its reorganization into a federation. Drahomanov was anticlerical and tried to undermine the hold of tradiitonal Churches on the minds of peasants. He hoped that the spread of Protestant denominations among the Ukrainian peasants will contribute to the liberation of peasants. The lasting legacy of Drahomanov can be discerned in the whole Ukrainian tradition of leftist political parties and political activism. He personally influenced a handful of younger Ukrainian intellectuals in Habsburg Galicia in the late 1870s, first of all Ivan Franko and Mykhailo Pavlyk, both of whom accepted his ideas although reworked them later according to their own mould. In 1890 these intellectuals founded the first Ukrainian politicla party - Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party. The program-maximum of this party was socialist and therefore the party can be seen as one of the first socialist parties in Eastern Europe.

Drahomanov tried to popularize an orthographic reform, called the Drahomanivka after him.

• Biography at UKROP Encyclopedia (Ukrainian language)