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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that was signed into law on January 1, 1970 by U.S. President Richard Nixon. (Although enacted on January 1, 1970, its "short title" is "National Environmental Policy Act of 1969."). The focus of the law was the establishment of a U.S. national policy promoting the enhancement of the environment, but its most significant effect was to establish the requirement for environmental impact statements (EISs) for major U.S. federal government actions.

NEPA came into existence following widespread protests against the federal government's destruction of neighborhoods and the natural environment while building Interstate highways during the 1950s and 1960s. The law has since been applied to any public works project that either involves federal funding or when a federal agency is a key participant in the project's development.

The preamble reads:

"To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation..."

The law includes two primary sections:

• The National Environmental Policy
• Action-forcing provisions that ensure that agencies consider the National Environmental Policy in their decision making process.

It is the action-forcing provisions that have had the most impact, and for which NEPA is best known. The action forcing provision of the law requires an environmental impact statement (EIS) for any major federal actions which may have a significant impact on the environment.

The law applies only to federal agencies and the programs they fund. Essentially it requires that, prior to taking any "major" or "significant" action, the agency must consider the environmental impacts of that action.

A major federal action has been expanded to include most things that a federal agency could prohibit or regulate. In practice, a project is required to meet NEPA guidelines when a federal agency provides any portion of the financing for the project. Sometimes, however, review of a project by a federal employee can be viewed as a federal action and would then, therefore, require NEPA-compliant analyses be performed.

EISes and EAs are documents written to aid in decision making. They explore feasible alternatives to a proposed action, and the likely environmental consequences of those actions. NEPA sought to put environmental concerns on par with economic motivations and technological feasibility when making a decision that could affect the environment. Hydrological/geological, biological/ecological, social and health are among the consequences considered. More recently, archeological, historical, cultural impact analyses, and financial management plans for an action have been added to the EIS process.

NEPA requires that an EIS must include: the environmental impacts of the proposed action; unavoidable adverse environmental impacts; alternatives including no action; the relationship between short term uses of the environment and maintenance of long-term ecological productivity; irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources; and secondary/cumulative effects of implementing the proposed action.

An EA must generally include the same contents, but may be briefer. An EA is allowed only if the agency has issued a "Finding of No Significant Impact" (FONSI). The specific content of an EA is dictated by the specific section of the Code of Federal Regulations relating to the involved federal agency. If more than one federal agency is involved in a particular project, multiple EAs may be required. For example, a project involving both the Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Department of Agriculture will require an EA specific to each federal agency prior to the project's approval.

NEPA established the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to write regulations for EISs and advise the executive branch on environmental issues. Those regulations are binding on all agencies with regards to NEPA documentation, and can be found at 40 CFR Parts 1500 to 1509.

As of February 2006, a Congressional panel was studying potential changes to NEPA for the first time since its enactment.

• CEQ's NEPA resource page.

• U.S. Department of Energy Office of NEPA Policy and Compliance, National Environmental Policy Act Program.

• U.S. Federal Highway Administration NEPA online "community of practice"

• 42 USC 4321(2000) National Environmental Policy Act (full text of the law)