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Navigator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A navigator is the person onboard a ship responsible for its navigation. The navigator's responsibilities include planning the journey, advising the captain while en route, and ensuring that hazards are avoided. The navigator is in charge of maintaining the ship's nautical charts, nautical publications, and navigational equipment, and generally has responsibility for meterological equipment and communications.
Shipborne navigators in the U.S. Navy must be Surface Warfare qualified. Quartermasters are the Navigator's enlisted assistants and perform most of the technical navigation dutues.
Aboard ships in the Merchant Marine and Merchant Navy, the Second Mate is generally the Navigator.
Contents |
- For more details on this topic, see Nautical charts.
A ship's navigator is responsible for buying and maintaining its nautical charts. A nautical chart, or simply chart, is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land, natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic field, and man-made structures such as harbours, buildings and bridges. Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them. Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper or computerised electronic navigational charts.
The nature of a waterway depicted by a chart changes regularly, and a mariner navigating on an old or uncorrected chart is courting disaster. Every producer of nautical charts also provides a system to inform mariners of changes that effect the chart. In the United States, chart corrections and notifications of new editions are provided by various governmental agencies by way of Notice to Mariners, Local Notice to Mariners, Summary of Corrections, and Broadcast Notice to Mariners. Radio broadcasts give advance notice of urgent corrections.
A convenient way to keep track of corrections is with a Chart and Publication Correction Record Card system. Using this system, the navigator does not immediately update every chart in the portfolio when a new Notice to Mariners arrives, instead creating a card for every chart and noting the correction on this card. When the time comes to use the chart, he pulls the chart and chart's card, and makes the indicated corrections on the chart. This system ensures that every chart is properly corrected prior to use.
Various and diverse methods exist for the correction of electronic navigational charts.
- For more details on this topic, see Nautical publications.
The term Nautical publications is used in maritime circles to describe a set of publications, generally published by national governments, for use in safe navigation of ships, boats, and similar vessels.
The nature of waterways described by any given nautical publication changes regularly, and a mariner navigating by use of an old or uncorrected publication is courting disaster. Every producer of nautical publications also provides a system to inform mariners of changes that effect the chart. In the United States, corrections and notifications of new editions are provided by various governmental agencies by way of Notice to Mariners, Local Notice to Mariners, Summary of Corrections, and Broadcast Notice to Mariners. Radio broadcasts give advance notice of urgent corrections.
A convenient way to keep track of corrections is with a Chart and Publication Correction Record Card system. Using this system, the navigator does not immediately update every publication in the library when a new Notice to Mariners arrives, instead creating a card for every chart and noting the correction on this card. When the time comes to use the publication, he pulls the publication and its card, and makes the indicated corrections to the publication. This system ensures that every publication is properly corrected prior to use.
Various and diverse methods exist for the correction of electronic nautical publications.
- For more details on this topic, see Passage planning.
The navigator focuses on creating the ship's passage plans. A passage plan can be summarized as a comprehensive, step by step description of how the voyage is to proceed from berth to berth, including undocking, departure, the enroute portion of a voyage, approach, and mooring at the destination.
Before each voyage begins, the navigator should develop a detailed mental model of how the entire voyage will proceed. This mental model includes charting courses, and forecasting weather, tides, and currents. It includes updating and checking nautical publications, which could include Sailing Directions and Coast Pilots, and projecting the various future events including landfalls, narrow passages, and course changes that will transpire during the voyage. This mental model becomes the standard by which he will measure progress toward the goal of a safe and efficient voyage, and it is manifested in a passage plan.
When working in a team environment, the passage plan should be communicated to the navigation team in a pre-voyage conference in order to ensure that all members of the team share the same mental model of the entire trip.
Passage planning procedures are specified in International Maritime Organization Resolutions, in the laws of IMO signatory countries (for example, Title 33 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations), and a number of professional books and publications. There are some fifty elements of a comprehensive passage plan depending on the size and type of vessel, each applicable according to the individual situation.
A good passage plan will include a track line laid out upon the largest-scale charts available which cover the vessel's track. The navigator will draw and redraw the track line until it is safe, efficient, and in line with all applicable laws and regulations. When the track is finished, it is becoming common practice to also enter it into electronic navigation tools such as a Electronic Chart Display and Information System, a chartplotter, or a GPS unit.
Once the voyage has begun the progress of the vessel along its planned route must be monitored. This requires that the ship's position be determined, using standard methods including dead reckoning, celestial navigation, pilotage, and electronic navigation.
Passage planning software can greatly simplify the process and ensure that nothing important is overlooked. A good passage planning software program will include great circle waypoint/distance calculators, tide and tidal current predictors, celestial navigational calculators, consumables estimators for fuel, oil, water, and stores, and other useful applications.
The navigator is responsible for the maintenence of the ship's navigational equipment.
