From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nightjars
Common Nighthawk, Chordeiles minor, and Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae Vigors, 1825
Genera
Nyctiprogne Podager Lurocalis Chordeiles Nyctidromus Phalaenoptilus Siphonorhis Nyctiphrynus Caprimulgus Macrodipteryx Hydropsalis Uropsalis Macropsalis Eleothreptus

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds with long wings, short legs and very short bills that usually nest on the ground. Nightjars are sometimes referred to as goatsuckers from the mistaken belief that they suck milk from goats (the Latin for goatsucker is Caprimulgus). Some North American species are named as nighthawks.

Nightjars are found around the world. They are mostly active in the late evening and early morning or at night, and feed predominantly on moths and other large flying insects.

Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves. Some species, unusually for birds, perch along a branch, rather than across it. This helps to conceal them during the day.

The Common Poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii is unique as a bird that undergoes a form of hibernation, becoming torpid and with a much reduced body temperature for weeks or months.

Nightjars lay one or two patterned eggs directly onto bare ground.

Traditional, nightjars have been divided into two subfamilies: the Caprimulginae, or typical nightjars with about 70 species, and the Chordeilinae, or nighthawks of the New World with about 9 species. The two groups are similar in most respects, but the typical nightjars have rictal bristles, longer bills, and softer plumage. In their pioneering DNA-DNA hybridisation work, Sibley and Ahlquist found that the genetic difference between the eared-nightjars and the typical nightjars was, in fact, greater than that between the typical nightjars and the nighthawks of the New World. Accordingly, they placed the eared-nightjars in a separate family: Eurostopodidae.

Subsequent work, both morphological and genetic, has provided support for the separation of the typical and the eared-nightjars, and some authorities have adopted this Sibley-Ahlquist recommendation, and also the more far-reaching one to group all the owls (traditionally Strigiformes) together in the Caprimulgiformes. The listing below retains a more orthodox arrangement, but recognises the eared-nightjars as a separate group. For more detail and an alternative classification scheme, see Caprimulgiformes and Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.

European Nightjar

• Subfamily Chordeilinae (nighthawks)
  • Genus Nyctiprogne
    • Band-tailed Nighthawk, Nyctiprogne leucopyga
    • Plain-tailed Nighthawk, Nyctiprogne vielliardi
  • Genus Podager - Nacunda Nighthawk
  • Genus Lurocalis
    • Rufous-bellied Nighthawk, Lurocalis rufiventris
    • Short-tailed Nighthawk, Lurocalis semitorquatus
  • Genus Chordeiles
    • Least Nighthawk, Chordeiles pusillus
    • Sand-coloured Nighthawk, Chordeiles rupestris
    • Common Nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
    • Lesser Nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis
    • Antillean Nighthawk, Chordeiles gundlachii
• Subfamily Caprimulginae (typical nightjars)
  • Genus Nyctidromus - Pauraque
  • Genus Phalaenoptilus - Common Poorwill
  • Genus Siphonorhis
    • Jamaican Pauraque, Siphonorhis americana - extinct (late 19th century); rumors of survival
    • Least Pauraque, Siphonorhis brewsteri
    • Cuban Parauque, Siphonorhis daiquiri - extinct (prehistoric); rumors of survival
  • Genus Nyctiphrynus
    • Eared Poorwill, Nyctiphrynus mcleodii
    • Ocellated Poorwill, Nyctiphrynus ocellatus
    • Yucatan Poorwill, Nyctiphrynus yucatanicus
  • Genus Caprimulgus (some 50-60 species)
  • Genus Macrodipteryx (long-primaried nightjars)
    • Standard-winged Nightjar, Macrodipteryx longipennis
    • Pennant-winged Nightjar, Macrodipteryx vexillarius
  • Genus Hydropsalis
    • Scissor-tailed Nightjar, Hydropsalis brasiliana
    • Ladder-tailed Nightjar, Hydropsalis climacocerca
  • Genus Uropsalis
    • Lyre-tailed Nightjar, Uropsalis lyra
    • Swallow-tailed Nightjar, Uropsalis segmentata
  • Genus Macropsalis
    • Long-trained Nightjar, Macropsalis creagra
  • Genus Eleothreptus
    • Sickle-winged Nightjar, Eleothreptus anomalus

Also see a list of nightjars, sortable by common and binomial names.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Caprimulgidae

• Internet Bird Collection: Nightjar videos. Retrieved 2006-DEC-02.
• Nightjar sounds on xeno-canto.org