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For the usage of "nonsense" in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Patent nonsense.

Nonsense is an utterance or written text in what appears to be a human language or other symbolic system, that does not in fact carry any identifiable meaning.

Contents 1 Nonsense categories 2 Distinguishing sense from nonsense 3 Teaching machines to talk nonsense 4 Literary nonsense 4.1 Nonsense verse 5 The philosophy of nonsense 6 References 7 See also 8 External links

Nonsense can be considered as noise.

It comes in 4 categories:

1. Semantic nonsense. the use of wrong, distorted, mis-interpreted, self-invented or non-existing words. not making sense

2. Syntactic nonsense, words put together in a way that does not make sense or gives non-intended meaning.

3. Contra-factual nonsense, are statements that deviate from facts. When known by the writer or utterer to be false, also called lies.

4. Ideo-intentionalistic or self-promoting nonsense, half truths or "as the devil reads the bible", statements that are designed to amplify certain facts (and ignores, hides or denies other related facts) to suit specific (normally personal) goals.

While Emily Dickinson wrote that:

Much madness is divinest Sense

To the discerning Eye…

The problem lies in the discernment. Distinguishing meaningful utterances from nonsense is not a trivial task. Confronted with a lengthy text in an unknown script, how does one determine whether those characters in fact contained a meaningful text, or were simply set using the equivalent of printer’s pi or a lorem ipsum-style text?

The problem is important in cryptography and other intelligence fields, where it is important to distinguish signal from noise. Cryptanalysts have devised algorithms for this purpose, to determine whether a given text is in fact nonsense or not. These algorithms typically analyze the presence of repetitions and redundancy in a text; in meaningful texts, certain frequently used words—for example, the, is, and and in a text in the English language—will occur over and over again. A random scattering of letters, punctuation marks, and spaces will not exhibit these regularities. Zipf’s Law attempts to state this analysis in the language of mathematics. By contrast, cryptographers typically seek to make their cipher texts resemble random distributions, to avoid telltale repetitions and patterns that may give an opening for cryptanalysis.

It is far harder for cryptographers to deal with the presence or absence of meaning in a text in which the level of redundancy and repetition is higher than found in natural languages: for example, in the mysterious text of the Voynich manuscript. Some have attempted to create text that in fact carries no meaning, but still complies with the regularities predicted by Zipf’s Law. The Markov chain technique is one such method. This has occasionally been put into the service of surrealistic jokes; the fake Usenet poster Mark V Shaney posted texts generated by a Markov chain algorithm, and frequently launched flame wars with his unfathomable screeds.

The Markov chain technique is one method that has been used to generate texts by algorithm and randomizing techniques that seem meaningful. Another could be called the Mad Libs method: it involves the creation of templates for various sentence structures, and filling in the blanks with noun phrases or verb phrases; these phrase generation procedures can be looped to add recursion and give the output the appearance of greater complexity and sophistication. Racter was a computer program that generated nonsense texts by this method; however, Racter’s book, The Policeman’s Beard is Half Constructed, proved to have been the product of heavy human editing of the output of the program.

Main article: Literary nonsense

The phrase “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” was coined by Noam Chomsky as an example of nonsense. The individual words make sense, and are arranged according to proper grammatical rules, yet the result is still nonsense. The inspiration for this attempt at creating verbal nonsense came from the idea of contradiction and irrelevant or immaterial characteristics (an idea cannot have a dimension of color, green or otherwise), both of which would be sure to make a phrase meaningless. The phrase “the square root of Tuesday” operates on the latter principle. This principle is behind the inscrutability of the koan “What is the sound of one hand clapping?” One hand would presumably require another hand to complete the definition of clapping.

Still, the human will to find meaning is strong; green ideas might be ideas associated with a Green party in politics, and colorless green ideas criticizes some of them as uninspiring. For some, the human impulse to find meaning in what is actually random or nonsensical is what makes people find luck in coincidence, believe in omens and divination, or engage in conversation with a computer (see ELIZA effect).

The dreamlike language of James Joyce’s “novel” Finnegans Wake sheds light on nonsense in a similar way; full of portmanteau words, it appears to be pregnant with multiple layers of meaning, but in many passages it is difficult to say whether any one person’s interpretation of a text is the “intended” or “correct” one. There may in fact be no such interpretation.

“Jabberwocky” is a poem (of nonsense verse) found in Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871) by Lewis Carroll. It is generally considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language. The word “jabberwocky” is also occasionally used as a synonym of nonsense.

Nonsense verse is the verse form of literary nonsense, a genre that can manifest in many other ways. Nonsense verse represents a long tradition; its best known exponent is Edward Lear, author of The Owl and the Pussycat and hundreds of limericks.

Nonsense verse comes from a tradition older than Lear; the nursery rhyme Hey Diddle Diddle is also a sort of nonsense verse. There are also some things which appear to nonsense verse, but actually are not, such as the popular 1940s song “Mairzy Doats.”

Lines of nonsense frequently figure in the refrains of folksongs. Nonsense riddles and knock-knock jokes are seen often. Lewis Carroll, seeking a nonsense riddle, once posed the question How is a raven like a writing desk? But someone answered him, Because Poe wrote on both. However, there are different answers (e.g. both have inky quills).

Philosophically, nonsense masquerading as sense is the gist of the charges of pseudoscience and pseudophilosophy.

For the examination of verifiability, falsifiability, and unfalsifiablility, British philosophers in the early twentieth century mooted the phrase, "The present king of France is bald." At that time France was governed by the Third Republic, so there was no king.

This, of course, shows a distinct lack of understanding of the monarchical concept by philosophers. Since royalty is passed down the generations according to rules of succession there would certainly at that time have been a person who was the 'King of France'. Whether this person was reigning or not was, of course, a different question. If, at a later date, France revives the idea of a monarchy, the appropriate king will not be elected - he will already be there.

• Kahn, David, The Codebreakers (Scribner, 1996) ISBN 0-684-83130-9

• Bullshit
• Wit
• Humor
• Gibberish
• Mojibake — Random nonsense characters generated by foreign text
• Gobbledygook
• Logorrhoea — an excessively wordy style of abstract prose lacking concrete meaning, i.e. nonsense
• Tall tale
• Fiction
• Language game
• Vacuous truth
• Discordianism — nonsense as Salvation, page 00074 of Principia Discordia
• Dada — nonsense as art
• Asemic Writing
• Surrealism
• Sokal Affair
• Schizophasia

• Asemic Magazine Is an Australian magazine devoted to nonverbal nonsense.