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Roman Kingdom 753 BC – 510 BC Roman Republic 510 BC – 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC – 476 AD Principate Western Empire Dominate Eastern Empire

Ordinary Magistrates

Consul Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate Aedile Tribune Censor Governor

Extraordinary Magistrates

Dictator Magister Equitum Consular tribune Rex Triumviri Decemviri

Titles and Honors

Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister Militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch

Politics and Law

Roman Senate Cursus honorum Roman assemblies Collegiality Roman law Roman citizenship Auctoritas Imperium

In Ancient Rome, Officium (plural officia) is a Latin word with various meanings, including "service", "(sense of) duty", "courtesy", "ceremony", and the like. It translates the Greek kathekon.

However, this article is mainly concerned with the meaning of "an office" (the modern word office derives from it) or "bureau" in the sense of a dignitary's staff of administrative and other collaborators, each of whom was called an officialis (hence the modern official).

The Notitia Dignitatum gives us uniquely detailed information, stemming from the very imperial chancery, on the composition of the officia of many of the empire's leading court, provincial, military and some other officials circa AD 400. While the details vary somewhat according to rank, from west to east, and/or in particular cases, in general the leading staff would be about as follows (the English descriptions and other modern "equivalents" are approximate):

• Princeps officius was the chief of staff, permanent secretary or chef de cabinet
• Cornicularius was a military title, for an administrative deputy of various generals etc.
• Adiutor (literally "helper") seems to have been the chief (general) assistant, or adjutant
• Commentariensis was the keeper of "commentaries", an official diary
• Ab actis was the keeper of records, the archivist
• Numerarius ("accountant") seems to have been the receiver of taxes
• Subadiuva ("under-helper") seems to have been a general assistant
• Cura epistolarum was the curator of correspondence
• Regerendarius may have been a registrar
• Exceptor seem to have been a secretary
• Singularius has been called a notary, but the word can also refer to a bodyguard

Below those "dignities", there were often a few hundred minor officials, often slaves or freedmen, doing the clerical drudgery, not deemed worthy of any more detailed mention. They are only referred to collectively, by various terms in the plural, such as cohortalini (apparently the diminutive of cohortalis, see cohors amicorum).

• Magister officiorum

• Pauly-Wissowa (German-language encyclopedia on anything relating to Classical Antiquity)