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Portrait of Oswald de Andrade by Tarsila do Amaral

José Oswald de Andrade Souza (January 11, 1890–October 22, 1954) was a Brazilian poet and polemicist. He was born and spent most of his life in São Paulo.

Andrade was one of the founders of Brazilian modernism and a member of the Group of Five, along with Mário de Andrade, Anita Malfatti, Tarsila do Amaral and Menotti del Picchia. He participated in the Week of Modern Art (Semana de Arte Moderna).

Andrade is best known for his manifesto of Brazilian nationalism, Manifesto Antropófago (Cannibal Manifesto), published in 1928. Its argument is that Brazil's history of "cannibalizing" other cultures is its greatest strength, while playing on the modernists' primitivist interest in cannibalism as an alleged tribal rite. Cannibalism becomes a way for Brazil to assert itself against European postcolonial cultural domination. The Manifesto's iconic line is "Tupi or not Tupi: that is the question." The line is simultaneously a celebration of the Tupi, who had been at times accused of cannibalism (most notoriously by Hans Staden), and an instance of cannibalism: it eats Shakespeare.

Born into a wealthy family, Andrade used his money and connections to support numerous modernist artists and projects. He sponsored the publication of several major novels of the period, produced a number of experimental plays, and supported several painters, including Tarsila do Amaral, with whom he had a long affair, and Lasar Segall. His role in the modernist community was made somewhat awkward, however, by his feud with Mário de Andrade, which lasted from 1929 (after Oswald de Andrade published a pseudonymous essay mocking Mário for effeminacy) until Mário de Andrade's premature death in 1945.

• Manifesto Pau-Brasil published in Correio da Manhã on March 18, 1924.
• Manifesto Antropófago published in Revista de Antropofagia in 1928 May.
• Meu Testamento, 1944
• A Arcádia e a Inconfidência, 1945
• A Crise da Filosofia Messiânica, 1950
• Um Aspecto Antropofágico da Cultura Brsileira: O Homem Cordial, 1950
• A Marcha das Utopias, 1953

In Portuguese:

• Boaventura, Maria Eugenia. A Vanguarda Antropofágica. (1985) São Paulo: Ática.
• Helena, Lúcia. (1985) Totens e tabus da modernidade brasileira: símbolo e alegoria na obra de Oswald de Andrade. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro.
• Justino, Maria José. (2002) O Banquete Canibal: A modernidade em Tarsila do Amaral 1886-1973 Curitiba: Editora UFPR.
• Nunes, Benedito. Oswald Canibal. (1979) São Paulo: Perspectiva.
• Nunes, Benedito. (1990) A Utopia Antropofágica: A Antropofagia ao alcance de todos. São Paulo: Globo.
• Netto, Adriano Bitarães. (2004) Antropofagia Oswaldiana: Um Receituário Estético e Científico. São Paulo: Annablume.

• Text of the Cannibal Manifesto in English
• Text about the Cannibal Manifesto in English
• (Portuguese) Text of the Pau-Brasil Manifesto
• (Portuguese) Text of the Cannibal Manifesto