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Pagliacci (Clowns) is an opera consisting of a prologue and two acts written and composed by Ruggero Leoncavallo. It recounts the tragedy of a jealous husband in a commedia dell'arte troupe. Pagliacci premiered at the Teatro Dal Verme in Milan on May 21, 1892, conducted by Arturo Toscanini with Adelina Stehle as Nedda, Fiorello Giraud as Canio, Victor Maurel as Tonio, and Mario Ancona as Silvio.

Since 1893 it has usually been performed in a so-called "Cav/Pag" double bill with Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria Rusticana. It is the only one of Leoncavallo's operas which has remained in the standard operatic repertory. Its name is sometimes incorrectly rendered as I Pagliacci (The Clowns).

Contents 1 History 2 Roles 3 Synopsis 3.1 Prologue 3.2 Act I 3.3 Act II 4 Orchestration 5 Notable arias 6 Selected recordings 7 Media 8 References

Around 1890, when Cavalleria Rusticana premiered, Leoncavallo was a little-known composer. After seeing Cav's success, he decided to write a similar opera. It was to be in one act and composed in the verismo style. A lawsuit was brought against him for plagiarism of the libretto. Leoncavallo's defense was that the plot of the opera was based on a true story he had witnessed as a child. He claimed that a servant had taken him to a commedia performance in which the events of the opera had actually occurred. He also claimed that his father, who was a judge, had led the criminal investigation, and that he had documents supporting these claims. None of this evidence has ever appeared. Today most critics agree that the libretto was inspired by an 1887 play of Catulle Mendès entitled La Femme de Tabarin. Leoncavallo was living in Paris at the time of the premiere, and it is likely that he saw the play.^[1]

Pagliacci was an instant success and it remains popular today. It contains one of opera's most famous and popular arias, Recitar! ... Vesti la giubba (literally, To perform! ... Put on the costume, but more often known in English as On with the motley). One of Enrico Caruso's recordings of Vesti la giubba was the first record to sell one million copies. In 1907, Pagliacci became the first entire opera to be recorded. In 1931, it became the first complete opera to be filmed with sound, in a now obscure version starring the tenor Fernando Bertini, in his only film, as Canio, and the San Carlo Opera Company. ^[2]

As a staple of the standard operatic repertoire, it appears as number 14 on Opera America's list of the 20 most-performed operas in North America^[3].

Role	Voice type	Premiere Cast, May 21, 1892 (Conductor: Arturo Toscanini )
Canio, head of the troupe; Pagliaccio	tenor	Fiorello Giraud
Nedda, Canio's wife, in love with Silvio; Colombina	soprano	Adelina Stehle
Tonio, the fool; Taddeo	baritone	Victor Maurel
Beppe, actor; Arlecchino	tenor
Silvio, Nedda's lover	baritone	Mario Ancona
Chorus of villagers

The story is set in Calabria, near Montalto, on the Feast of the Assumption, between 1865 and 1870.

During the overture, the curtain rises. From behind a second curtain, Tonio, dressed as his commedia character Taddeo, addresses the audience. (Si può?... Si può?... Signore! Signori! ... Un nido di memorie.) He reminds the audience that actors have feelings too, and that the show is about real humans.

At three o'clock in the afternoon, the commedia troupe enters the village, and the villagers cheer. Canio describes the night's performance: The troubles of Pagliaccio. As Nedda steps down from the cart, Tonio offers his hand, but Canio pushes him aside and helps her down himself. The villagers suggest drinking at the tavern. Canio and Beppe accept, but Tonio stays behind. The villagers tease Canio that Tonio is planning an affair with Nedda. Canio warns everyone that while he may act the foolish husband in the play, in real life he will not tolerate other men making advances to Nedda. Shocked, a villager asks if Canio really suspects her. He says no, and sweetly kisses her on the forehead. As the church bells ring vespers, he and Beppe leave for the tavern, and Nedda is left alone.

Nedda, who is cheating on Canio, is frightened by Canio's vehemence, but the birdsong comforts her. Tonio returns and confesses his love for her, but she laughs. Enraged, Tonio begins to grab her, but she takes a whip, strikes him, and drives him off. Silvio, who is Nedda's lover, comes from the tavern, where he has left Canio and Beppe drinking. He asks Nedda to elope with him after the performance, and though she is afraid, she agrees. Tonio, who has been eavesdropping, leaves to get Canio. They return, and as Silvio escapes, Nedda calls after him, "I will always be yours!"

Canio chases Silvio but does not catch him and does not see his face. He demands that Nedda tell him the name of her lover, but she refuses. He threatens her with a knife, but Beppe disarms him. Beppe insists that they prepare for the performance. Tonio tells Canio that her lover will surely give himself away at the play. Canio is left alone to put on his costume and prepare to laugh (Vesti la giubba - "Put on the costume").

As the crowd arrives, Nedda, costumed as Colombina, collects their money. She whispers a warning to Silvio, and the crowd cheers as the play begins.

Colombina's husband Pagliaccio has gone away until morning, and Taddeo is at the market. She anxiously awaits her lover Arlecchino, who soon serenades her from beneath her window. Taddeo returns and confesses his love, but she mocks him and lets in Arlecchino through the window. He boxes Taddeo's ears and kicks him out of the room, and the audience laughs.

Arlecchino and Colombina dine, and he delivers a sleeping potion. When Pagliaccio returns, she plans to drug him and elope with Arlecchino. Taddeo bursts in, warning that Pagliaccio is suspicious of his wife and is about to return. As Arlecchino escapes through the window, Colombina tells him, "I will always be yours!"

As Canio enters, he hears Nedda and exclaims, "Name of God! Those same words!" He tries to continue the play but loses control and demands to know her lover's name. Nedda, hoping to continue the play, tells him it is Pagliaccio, but he proclaims that he is no clown and he loves her dearly. (No! Pagliaccio non son!) The crowd, impressed by his emotional performance, cheers him.

Nedda, trying again to continue the play, admits that her lover is Arlecchino. Canio, furious, demands the name or her lover, but she swears she will never tell him, and the crowd realizes they are not acting. Silvio begins to fight his way toward the stage. Canio, grabbing a knife from the table, stabs Nedda. As she dies she calls, "Help! Silvio!" Canio stabs Silvio and declares, "La Commedia è finita!" ("The play is over!") Originally, Tonio had the final line, "La commedia è finita!" but it has traditionally been given to Canio. Leoncavallo himself sanctioned this substitution.

The orchestra consists of 2 flutes, 1 piccolo, 2 oboes, 1 cor anglais, 2 clarinets, 1 Basset-horn, 3 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, 1 tuba, 2 harps, timpani, tubular bells, percussion, and strings. Additionally, there is an onstage violin, oboe, trumpet, and bass drum.

• Prologue ("Si può? ... Signore! Signori! ... Un nido di memorie") (Tonio)
• "Un tal gioco" (Canio)
• "Stridono lassu" (Nedda)
• "Nedda! Silvio, a quest'ora" (Silvio, Nedda)
• "E fra quest'anise...E allor perchè" (Silvio)
• "Vesti la giubba" (Canio)
• "Ohe! Ohe! Presto!" (Chorus)
• "O Colombina" (Beppe)
• "No, Pagliaccio non son" (Canio)

Paired with Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana

Year	Cast (Canio, Nedda, Tonio)	Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra	Label
??	Giuseppe di Stefano, Maria Callas, Tito Gobbi	Tullio Serafin, La Scala Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: EMI Classics Cat: 0724358683028
??	Luciano Pavarotti, Mirella Freni, Ingvar Wixell	Giuseppe Patanè, National Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: Decca Classics Cat: 00289 414 5902
??	Franco Corelli, Lucine Amara, Tito Gobbi	Lovro von Matacic La Scala Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: EMI Classics Cat: 0077776396750
1981	Plácido Domingo, Teresa Stratas, Juan Pons	Georges Prêtre La Scala Orchestra and Chorus	DVD: Deutsche Grammophon Cat: 0044007 34033 (Film)

Stand-alone recordings:

Year	Cast (Canio, Nedda, Tonio)	Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra	Label
1934	Beniamino Gigli, Pacetti, Basiola	Franco Ghione, La Scala Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: Naxos Cat:8.110155
??	Carlo Bergonzi, Joan Carlyle, Giuseppe Taddei	Herbert von Karajan, La Scala Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: Deutsche Grammophon Cat: 449 727-2
1953	Jussi Björling, Victoria de los Angeles, Leonard Warren	Renato Cellini RCA Victor Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: EMI Classics Cat: 0724358565027
??	Richard Tucker, Lucine Amara, Giuseppe Valdengo	Fausto Cleva Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus	LP: Columbia Masterworks Records
1971	Placido Domingo, Montserrat Caballe, Sherrill Milnes	Nello Santi London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus	Audio CD: RCA

Note: "Cat:" is short for catalogue number by the label company; "ASIN" is amazon.com product reference number.

Footnotes

1. ^ San Francisco Opera Guild, 2003; Sansone, M., 1989
2. ^ The Durbeck Archive
3. ^ OPERA America's "The Top 20" list of most-performed operas

Bibliography

• Pagliacci Libretto in the original Italian
• Pagliacci Libretto in English translation
• San Francisco Opera Guild, 2003, Cavalleria Rusticana and Pagliacci: A Teacher's Guide and Resource Book (accessed 23 May 2007)
• Sansone, Matteo, 1989, 'The Verismo of Ruggero Leoncavallo: A Source Study of Pagliacci', Music & Letters, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Aug., 1989).
• Sims, Michael, 2007, 'Cavalleria Rusticana, I Pagliacci, and the Verismo Style', Programme notes, Concert Opera Boston (accessed 21 May 2007)