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Parrot is a register-based virtual machine being developed using the C programming language and intended to run dynamic languages efficiently. It uses just-in-time compilation for speed to reduce the interpretation overhead. It is currently possible to compile Parrot assembly language and PIR (an intermediate language) to Parrot bytecode and execute it.

Parrot was started by the Perl community, and is developed with help from the open source and free software communities. As a result, it is focused on license compatibility (Artistic License 2.0), platform compatibility across a broad array of systems, processor architectures compatibility across most modern processors, speed of execution, small size (around 700k depending on platform), and being flexible enough to handle the varying demands of Perl, and most, if not all, other modern dynamic languages. It is also focusing on improving introspection, debugger capabilities, and compile-time semantic modulation.

Contents 1 History 2 Languages 2.1 Static and dynamic languages 2.2 Functional concepts 2.3 Compiler tools 2.4 Existing client languages 2.5 Possible future languages and projects 3 Internals 4 Examples 4.1 Registers 4.2 Arithmetic operations 5 Culture 6 License 7 See also 8 External links

The project started to implement Perl 6 and originally had the very dull name "The software we're writing to run Perl 6". The name Parrot came from an April Fool's joke in which a hypothetical language named Parrot was announced that would unify Python and Perl [1]. The name was later adopted by this project, which aims to support Perl and Python.

Several languages are being developed along with it which target the Parrot virtual machine.

The current version of the project is Version 0.5.1, codenamed "Hatachi", released December 18, 2007.

Previous version's release dates are documented on Parrot's website[2].

The goal of the Parrot virtual machine is to host client languages, and allow interoperation between them. A number of hurdles exist in accomplishing this goal.

The differing properties of statically and dynamically typed languages have motivated the design of Parrot. Current popular virtual machines such as the Java virtual machine and the Common Language Runtime have been designed for statically typed languages, while the languages targeted by Parrot are dynamically typed.

Virtual machines like the Java virtual machine and the current Perl 5 virtual machine are also stack based. Parrot developers see it as an advantage of the Parrot machine that it has registers, and therefore more closely resembles an actual hardware design, allowing the vast literature on compiler optimization to be used generating code for the Parrot virtual machine so that it will run bytecode at speeds closer to machine code.

Parrot has rich support for a number of features of functional programming including closures and continuations, both of which can be particularly difficult to implement correctly and portably, especially in conjunction with exception handling and threading. Solving such problems once at the level of the virtual machine thus offers a tremendous saving of effort when implementing them in any of Parrot's client languages.

Main article: Parser Grammar Engine

Parrot provides a suite of compiler-writing tools which includes the Parser Grammar Engine (PGE), a hybrid parser-generator that can express a recursive descent parser as well as a operator-precedence parser, allowing free transition between the two in a single grammar. The PGE feeds into the Tree Grammar Engine (TGE) which further transforms the parse-tree generated by PGE for optimization and ultimately for code generation.

Besides a subset of the planned Perl 6, an increasing number of languages can be compiled to Parrot assembly language including APL, BASIC, Befunge, Brainfuck, Cola, Forth, Jako, Lisp, m4, Miniperl, Parakeet, OpenComal, PHP, Plot, Pheme, Punie, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Span, Tcl (aka partcl), URM, YAL, and Zork Z-code. Most of these other language implementations are currently still incomplete and experimental.

There is strong interest in parts of the Ruby community. The Python community is taking more of a wait-and-see attitude, due to already having Psyco, a just-in-time Python-to-machine-code compiler, Jython, a Python-to-Java-bytecode compiler, and IronPython to compile to the .NET platform, as well as the in-development PyPy, a rewrite of Python in Python itself aimed to provide static code generation as well as high-level optimization.

Parrot code has three forms. Bytecode is natively interpreted by Parrot. Parrot Assembly Language (PASM) is the low level language that compiles down to bytecode. Parrot Intermediate Representation (PIR) is a slightly higher level language than PASM and also compiles down to Bytecode. It is the primary target of language implementations. PIR transparently manages Parrot's inter-routine calling conventions, provides improved syntax, register allocation, register spilling, and more. PIR code is usually stored in files with the suffix ".pir".

IMCC is the Intermediate Code Compiler for Parrot and compiles PIR.

Parrot is register-based like most hardware CPUs, unlike most virtual machines, which are stack-based. Parrot provides four types of registers:

• I: native integer type
• N: floating-point numbers
• S: advanced string registers with Unicode support
• P: PMC, or Parrot Magic Cookie — Parrot object type

Parrot provides an arbitrary number of registers; this number is fixed at compile time per subroutine.

In PASM

   set I1, 4
   inc I1        # I1 is now 5
   add I1, 2     # I1 is now 7
   set N1, 42.0
   dec N1        # N1 is now 41.0
   sub N1, 2.0   # N1 is now 39.0
   print I1
   print ', '
   print N1
   print "\n"
   end

In PIR

.sub 'main' :main
   $I1 = 4
   inc $I1     # $I1 is now 5
   $I1 += 2    # $I1 is now 7
   $N1 = 42.0
   dec $N1     # $N1 is now 41.0
   $N1 -= 2.0  # $N1 now 39.0
   print $I1
   print ', '
   print $N1
   print "\n"
.end

The tagline of the Parrot project is "one bytecode to rule them all," a reference to Tolkien's One Ring from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Until late 2005, Dan Sugalski was the lead designer and chief architect of Parrot. Chip Salzenberg, a longtime Perl, Linux kernel, and C++ hacker, took over until mid-2006, when he became the lead developer. Allison Randal, the lead developer of Punie and chief architect of Parrot's compiler tools, is now the chief architect.

Development discussions take place primarily on the parrot-porters mailing list, hosted by perl.org. In addition, there are weekly moderated meetings for Parrot and language developers hosted in #parrotsketch on irc.perl.org. The #parrot channel on the same network is often full of Parrot hackers.

Design discussions exist in the form of Parrot Design Documents, or PDDs, in the Parrot repository [3]. The chief architect or another designated designer produces these documents to explain the philosophy of a feature as well as its interface and design notes. Parrot hackers turn these documents into executable tests, and then existing features.

Parrot is a free software project, distributed under the terms Artistic License Version 2.0.

• Common Language Runtime
• Java virtual machine
• mod_parrot

• Parrot homepage
• Perl 6 and Parrot links