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The Patoka River is a tributary of the Wabash River, approximately 138 mi (222 km) long, in southwestern Indiana in the United States. It drains a largely rural area of forested bottomland and agricultural lands among the hills north of Evansville.

It rises in the Hoosier National Forest in southeastern Orange County, approximately 10 mi (16 km) southeast of Paoli. It flows generally west, passing through Patoka Lake, where it is impounded for flood control. Downstream from the reservoir it flows in a highly meandering course, making large oxbows as it flows past Jasper, then westward across Pike and Gibson counties. It joins the Wabash from the east opposite Mount Carmel, Illinois, approximately 30 mi (38 km) NNW of Evansville. The mouth of the river is approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) downstream on the Wabash from the mouth of the White River.

The river once included highly diverse habitat that supported mussel, crayfish, and fish communities. A 1994 survey of 66 locations on the river concluded that about a third of the streams in the river's watershed were devoid of aquatic life [1]. The decline in aquatic life is believed by most biologists to be a result of acidic runoff from strip mining, as well as spills and contamination from petroleum and natural gas exploration in its watershed. The remaining freshwater crayfish population of the river comprises four extant species, including the principal population of the Indiana crayfish (Orconectes indianensis). In 1994 approximately 30 mi (48 km) of the river, were designated as the Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The refuge contains one of the most significant bottomland hardwood forests remaining in the state.

Patoka Lake is a major recreational destination in the region and includs four state parks along its shore.

• USFWS: Patoka River Wildlife Refuge
• University of Indiana: Patoka River