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Penglai Mountain
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Penglai Mountain (Traditional Chinese: 蓬萊山; Simplified Chinese: 蓬莱山; pinyin: Pénglái shān), or Penglai Island (Traditional Chinese: 蓬萊仙島; Simplified Chinese: 蓬莱仙岛; pinyin: Pénglái xiāndǎo), is a mystical land found in Chinese mythology. The legend also passed into Japan, where it took shape as the Legend of Horai (蓬莱 Hōrai?).
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According to Shan Hai Jing, the mountain is said to be on an island in the eastern end of Bohai Sea, along with four other islands where the immortals lived, called Fangzhang (方丈), Yingzhou (瀛州), Daiyu (岱輿), and Yuanjiao (員嬌).
Though a Penglai City exists in Shandong, China, whether or not the city was the actual spot as described in the legends is unknown. The city, however, prides itself for the legend, and started a saying that a certain scenic region in the city was the arrival point of the Immortals. Others claim that the mountain can be seen in form of the frequent mirages at sea that the city is famous for.
Another theory by Yichu (義楚) of Later Zhou Dynasty puts the fabled island as Japan, while Penglai Mountain is Mount Fuji.
In Chinese mythology, the mountain is often said to be the base for the Eight Immortals, or at least where they travel to have a banquet. Supposedly, everything on the mountain seems white, while its palaces are made from gold and platinum, and jewelries grow on trees.
There is no pain and no winter; there are rice bowls and wine glasses that never become empty no matter how much people eat or drink from them; and there are magical fruits growing in Horai that can heal any disease, grant eternal youth, and even raise the dead.
Historically, Qin Shi Huang, in search of the elixir of life, made several attempts to find the island where the mountain is located, to no avail. Legends tell that Xu Fu, one servant sent to find the island, found Japan instead.
The Japanese conception of Horai, as presented in Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things, was somewhat different from the earlier idyllic Chinese myth. The Japanese version rejects much of the fantastic and magical properties of Horai. In the Japanese myth, Horai is not free from sorrow or death, and the winters are bitterly cold. The Japanese conception of Horai holds that there are no magical fruits that cure disease, grant eternal youth or raise the dead, and no rice bowls or wine glasses that never become empty.
The Japanese incarnation of the myth of Horai focuses more on the atmosphere of the place, which is said to be made up not of air but of "quintillions of quintillions" of souls. Breathing in these souls is said to grant one all of the perceptions and knowledge of these ancient souls. The Japanese version also holds that the people of Horai are small fairies, and they have no knowledge of great evil, and so their hearts never grow old.
In the Kwaidan, there is some indication that the Japanese hold such a place to be merely a fantasy. It is pointed out that "Horai is also called Shinkiro, which signifies Mirage — the Vision of the Intangible."
- The main setting of the fourth InuYasha movie, Fire on the Mystic Island, Horai appears as an island that appears every fifty years and is meant as a haven for Yōkai and human lovers and their children. Residents of Horai never age, and every year, a yokai must sacrifice itself to the Meidou no Kama, a giant cauldron leading to Hell, to protect the island's other inhabitants.
- In the Touhou Project, many elements in the games have names that allude to Horai.
- In The Twelve Kingdoms, Horai is the name given by the people in the Twelve Kingdoms to describe Japan.
- In the manga Ranma ½, Mount Horai is the location of the battle between Ranma Saotome who is locked in his cursed girlform fights with the Herb, prince of the Musk Dynasty who is also locked in his cursed female form. Both are fighting for the possession of the Kaisufu, a magical kettle that can unlock their curses. Interestingly enough, the peak of Horai is depicted as a kettle-shaped rock with a magical hot spring, with water heated by the magic kettle, flowing from the spout.
- Horai. Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things (digital version @ sacred-texts.com). Retrieved on February 22, 2006.
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Topics in Chinese mythology
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| General topics: | Creation myth · Astrology · Dragons · Religion in China · Folk religion ·List of deities · I Ching |
| Important beings: | Deities · Three August Ones and Five Emperors · Eight Immortals |
| Mythical creatures: | List of mythical creatures |
| Mythical places: | Xuanpu · Yaochi · Fusang · Queqiao · Penglai · Longmen · Diyu |
| Literary sources: | Shan Hai Jing · Shui Jing Zhu · Ten Brothers · Hei'an Zhuan · Fengshen Yanyi Journey to the West · Baishe Zhuan · Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio |