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Genital retraction syndrome (GRS), generally considered a culture-specific syndrome, is a condition in which an individual is overcome with the belief that his/her external genitals—or also, in females, breasts—are retracting into the body, shrinking, or in some male cases, may be imminently removed or disappear. A penis panic is sometimes a mass hysteria event or panic in which males in a population suddenly exhibit symptoms of genital retraction syndrome.

Penis panics have occurred around the world, most notably in Africa and Asia. Local beliefs in many instances assert that such syndromes are often fatal.

Genital retraction syndrome in Southeast Asia is known as Koro (Malaysian/Indonesian), which means "head of a turtle", apparently due to the similarity in appearance of a retracted penis to the appearance of a turtle withdrawing its head (Cheng 1996). In Chinese, the term used for the condition is the Chinese term Shook yang (suo yang, 縮陽). Outbreaks of Koro in China were reported in 1948, 1955, 1966, 1974 and 1984/85, although none have been reported in the 20 or so years since (Tseng 2006).

In cases where the fear of the penis being retracted is secondary to other conditions, psychological diagnosis and treatments are under development. It is becoming increasingly clear that these forms of mass hysteria are more common than previously thought.

The phenomenon is often, but not always, associated with occult belief, such as witchcraft. These panics frequently, but not exclusively, occur in places where access to education—particularly in science and human biology—is limited, or otherwise restricted (for example, when government policies restrict such education). Others have been reported under the influence of drug use. (Compare with castration anxiety.)

Contents 1 Europe 2 Sudan 3 Medical viewpoints 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

European folktales are replete with examples of witches who could steal men's genitals. These penis panics appear to have ended with the Enlightenment. One particularly illustrating example can be found in a joke in the otherwise quite serious Malleus Maleficarum that details the experience of a man attempting to retrieve his stolen penis from a witch who has hidden it in a bird's nest, along with those of others.

In September 2003, the Middle East Media Research Institute reported a hysteria in Khartoum, capital of Sudan.^[1]

Sudanese victims were made to believe by force of suggestion that their penises would melt away after they shook hands, shared a comb, or received a verbal curse. The so-called "penis-melting" has been blamed on Zionists trying to wipe out the Sudanese people by making their men unable to reproduce.

The hysterical reports were spread throughout Sudan by means of cell phone text-messaging.

Sudanese police investigated the claims and have found no evidence of anything supernatural, and that it is likely a hoax which victims believed through the power of suggestion. Mr. Abul-Gasim Mohamed Ibrahim, Sudan's Minister of Health, issued official statements to calm the public's fears.

Local media also contributed to the idea's spread. The Sudanese columnist Ja'far Abbas has warned visitors to avoid shaking hands with "a dark-skinned man". In reference to the electronic comb which was supposed to have caused one man's penis to disappear, Abbas writes, "No doubt, this comb was a laser-controlled surgical cyborg that penetrates the skull, [passes] to the lower body and emasculates a man!!" Note that from the article's tone, it can be assumed that Abbas' column was written tongue in cheek.

The phrase "Penis-melting Zionist cyborg combs" has been coined to describe this humorous story. It was originally incorrectly attributed to Wall Street Journal's James Taranto writing in his "Best of the Web Today".^[2] However, the article in question has no such phrase, nor anything similar beyond the aforementioned quote.

Documented cases have not typically indicated actual instances of penis shrinkage or retraction. Any actual injury or damage that occurs to individuals usually arises from overly zealous attempts at preventing retraction. Medical response generally consists of informing patients that the genitals anatomically cannot retract or shrink in the manner typically feared.

As one academic work states, GRS seems to be similar in many ways to the Western category of panic attack, with sexual elaborations. It seems probable that, in a culture where sexual anxiety is high and stories exist of death by genital retraction, a man in the right frame of mind could panic at the observation that his genitals are shrinking in response to cold or anxiety.

• Vagina dentata

1. ^ http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sd&ID=SP59303#_ednref1
2. ^ http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110004204

Cheng, S.T., A Critical Review of Chinese Koro. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 1996 20:67-82

Tseng, W.S., From Peculiar Psychiatric Disorders through Culture-bound Syndromes to Culture-related Specific Syndromes. Transcultural Psychiatry. 2006 43(4):554-576

Psychology - The science of mind and behaviour. Michael W. Passer & Ronald E. Smith. 3rd edition P.542 (Sociocultural factors for Anxiety disorder)

• World Health Organization article about Koro, with bibliography
• Suo yang (Koro): The Genital Retraction Syndrome at UCSD
• Koro: A Natural History of Penis Panics, September 16, 2002, Kuro5hin
• October 22 report by the Middle East Media Research Institute: "Panic in Khartoum: Foreigners Shake Hands, Make Penises Disappear"
• Wall Street Journal's "Best of the Web Today," Wednesday, October 22, 2003
• "Genitals ‘Disappearance’ Rocks Patani Community", Nigerian Daily Independent's 7 March, 2006 report
• Koro - the Genital Retraction Syndrome - BBC h2g2, Page dedicated to Koro