People known as the father or mother of something

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Father of)
Jump to: navigation, search

È:Revisions and sourced additions are welcome; please only include historical figures.

The following is a list of significant men and women known in history for being the father, mother, or considered the founders of something, listed by category. In some fields the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Contents

Subject Father / Mother of ... Reason
Aerodynamics George Cayley[1]
(founder)		 Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built
Astronomy (modern) Nicolaus Copernicus[2] Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
Bacteriology Robert Koch, Ferdinand Cohn,
Louis Pasteur[3] (founders)		 For their studies and scientific findings on bacteria and algae
Biology Aristotle[4]
Chemical thermodynamics (modern) Gilbert Lewis, Willard Gibbs Merle Randall, and Edward Guggenheim (founders)[5] Books: Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs (1933); because of the major contributions of these two books in unifying the applications of thermodynamics to chemistry
Chemistry (early) Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan)[6][7][8] Introduced the experimental method in alchemy (d. 815)
Chemistry (modern) Antoine Lavoisier[9]
Robert Boyle[9]
Jöns Berzelius[10][11]
John Dalton[9] (founders)		 Book: Elements of Chemistry (1787)
Book: The Sceptical Chymist (1661)
Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s)
Revival of atomic theory (1803)
Circulatory physiology Ibn al-Nafis[12] Discovered the pulmonary circulation and the capillary and coronary circulations in the Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon (1242)
Classical mechanics Isaac Newton (founder)[13] Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
Economics Adam Smith[14] Publication: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
Energetics Willard Gibbs[15] Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)
Evolution Ibn Khaldun[16] Publication: Muqaddimah
Genetics (modern) Gregor Mendel[17] For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance
Geology James Hutton[18] For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory of thought
Human anatomy (modern) Vesalius[19]
 Book: De humani corporis fabrica (1543)
Information theory Claude Shannon[citation needed] Article: A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)
Medicine (early) Imhotep[20][21][22]
Hippocrates[23][4]
Charaka[24]		 Wrote the first medical treatise, the Edwin Smith papyrus.
Prescribed practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath, establishing the profession.
Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.
Medicine (modern) Avicenna[25] Introduced experimental medicine and systematic experimentation and quantification in physiology and discovered the contagious nature of infectious diseases in the The Canon of Medicine (1020).
Microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[26] The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria
Nuclear physics Ernest Rutherford[27] Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)
Optics Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)[28] Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021).
Pediatrics Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes)[29] Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independant field
Plastic surgery Sushruta[30][31] Wrote the Sushruta Samhita
Physical chemistry Hermann von Helmholtz,

Willard Gibbs(founders)[32]

 Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry through their publications off, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances(1876), and Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange(1882)
Physics (modern) Galileo Galilei[33] His development and use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope.
Physiology (modern) Claude Bernard[34] Publication: An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865)
Quantum mechanics Max Planck (founder)[35] Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form
Relativity Albert Einstein(founder)[36] Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)
Scientific method Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)[37] Pioneered an early scientific method in the Book of Optics (1021).
Surgery (early) Sushruta[30][31] Wrote the Sushruta Samhita, the first surgical treatise
Surgery (modern) Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)[38]
Ambroise Paré[39]		 Publication: Kitab al-Tasrif (1000).
Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.
Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus
[40](founder)		 naming of living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world
Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot (founder)[41] Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power (1824)
Virology Martinus Beijerinck[42]
(founder)		 His studies of agricultural microbiology and industrial microbiology yielded fundamental discoveries in the field of biology

Subject Father / Mother of ... Reason
Algebra
See also Father of Algebra		 Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[43][44]
Diophantus[45][46]		 Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing.
First use of symbolism (syncopation) in the Arithmetica.
Algorithm Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[44] Wrote the rules of algorism
Analytic Geometry René Descartes
Pierre de Fermat[47](founders)		 For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System
Calculus Isaac Newton[48]
Gottfried Leibniz[citation needed]		 See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.
Classical analysis Madhava of Sangamagrama[49] Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions
Descriptive geometry Gaspard Monge[50]
(founder)		 Developed a graphical protocol which creates three-dimensional virtual space on a two-dimensional plane
Geometry Euclid[51] Euclid's Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.
Non-Euclidean Geometry János Bolyai,
Nikolai Lobachevsky[52](founders)		 Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is not true
Projective Geometry Gérard Desargues[53](founder) By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away
Statistics Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal,and Christiaan Huygens
[54](founders)		 For their development of probability theory, from which arises mathematical statistics
Tensor calculus Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro[55]
(founder)		 Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus
Trigonometry Hipparchus[56][57] Constructed the first trigonometric table.
Vector algebra,
Vector calculus		 Willard Gibbs[58]
Oliver Heaviside[59]
(founders)		 For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus

Subject Father / Mother of ... Reason
Electricity William Gilbert[60]
Michael Faraday[citation needed]
Benjamin Franklin[citation needed]
Thomas Edison[61]		 Book: De Magnete (1600)
Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831)
Proposed a kite experiment to prove that lightning is electricity (1750)
Invented many electrical devices, such as the carbon microphone
Momentum Avicenna[62] Described an early concept of momentum.
Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev[63] Arranged sixty-six elements (known at the time) in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869)

Subject Father / Mother of ... Reason
Architecture Imhotep[64] Built the first pyramid
Computing Charles Babbage[65] Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime.
Computer Konrad Zuse[66]Alan Turing[67]
John von Neumann[68]
John V. Atanasoff[69]		 Inventd world's first functional program-controlled computer.
Was a secret code breaker during the WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936)
Become "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running
Invented the digital computer in the 1930s
Computer Program Ada Lovelace[70] Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime.
Applied Mechanics (modern) Stephen Timoshenko Reputed to be the father of modern applied mechanics. Wrote many of the seminal works in this area, many of which are still used today.
Engineering (modern) Al-Jazari[71] Invented devices fundamental to modern engineering, including the crankshaft, connecting rod, reciprocating piston suction pump, valve, combination lock, etc.
Internet Vinton Cerf[citation needed]
Robert E. Kahn[72]
Japanese television Kenjiro Takayanagi[73][74]
Pentium microprocessor Vinod Dham[75][76]
Perfumery[77] Al-Kindi (Alkindus) Founded the perfume industry.
Programmable logic controller Dick Morley[citation needed]
Radio Lee De Forest[78][79][80]
Guglielmo Marconi[81]
Jagdish Chandra Bose[82]
Nikola Tesla[citation needed]		 The research of these pioneers led to the development of the radio
Radio (Radio broadcasting) Reginald Fessenden[citation needed]
David Sarnoff[citation needed]
Radio (FM radio) Edwin H. Armstrong[citation needed] Obtained the first FCC license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)
Robotics Al-Jazari[83] Invented the first programmable humanoid robot.
SGML Charles Goldfarb[84]
Telephone Alexander Graham Bell[85]
Television Allen B. DuMont[86]
World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee[87]
XML Jon Bosak[88]

Subject Father / Mother of ... Reason
Anthropology Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[89][90]
Demography Ibn Khaldun[91] Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
Egyptology Jean-François Champollion[citation needed]
Geodesy Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[89]
Grammar Pāṇini[92] Wrote the Ashtadhyayi
Historiography Ibn Khaldun[93] Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
History Herodotus[94][4]
History of science George Sarton[95] Founded Isis (1912) and wrote Introduction to the History of Science (1927)
Indology Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[96] Wrote the Indica and Critical study of what India says
Informatics Pāṇini[97] Wrote the Ashtadhyayi
Linguistics Pāṇini[98] Wrote the Ashtadhyayi
Microcredit Muhammad Yunus[99] Founded Grameen Bank
Military strategy Hannibal[100] Pioneered double envelopement manoeuver at Battle of Cannae
Philosophy of history Ibn Khaldun[101] Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud[102]
Sociology Ibn Khaldun[91][101]
Auguste Comte[103]		 Wrote the first sociological book, the Muqaddimah (Prolegomena).
Introduced the scientific method into sociology.

Subject Father / Mother of ... Reason
Bluegrass music Bill Monroe[104]
Country music Jimmie Rodgers[105][106][107]
Funk George Clinton (godfather)[108]
Grunge Kurt Cobain[109]
Television Sandeep Marwah (Father Of Television Training In India)
Jazz Buddy Bolden[110]
Jelly Roll Morton[111]
Theodore August Metz[112]
Soul music James Brown (godfather)[113]

Subject Father / Mother of ... Reason
Baseball Henry Chadwick[114][115][116][117]
Karting Art Ingels[118] Developed the world's first kart (1956)

Subject Father / Mother of ... Reason
Yellow school bus Frank W. Cyr[119]

Note: These are slowly being converted to category list (and many are being removed).


Contents Top · 0–9 · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard Danish painting [120]
Erik Acharius lichenology [121]
Mikael Agricola Finnish written language [122]
Peter Artedi ichthyology [123]
Cyrus Avery Route 66 [124]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Mikhail Bakunin anarchism [125]
Earl Bascom modern rodeo [126]
Aaron T. Beck cognitive therapy [127]
William George Beers lacrosse [128][129][130][131]
Vytautas Beliajus international folk dance in the United States [132]
Edward Bernays public relations [133]
Leonardo Bruni modern history [134]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Willis Carrier air conditioning [135]
Raymond Carhart audiology [136][137]
Vint Cerf Internet [138]
Geoffrey Chaucer English literature [139]
Noam Chomsky modern linguistics [140][141]
Del Close modern improv comedy [142]
Alan Cooper Visual Basic [143]
Jonas Chickering American piano manufacture [144]
Marie Curie nuclear science [145]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Louis Daguerre photography [146]
Richard Dorson American folklore [147]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Dwight D. Eisenhower the American Interstate Highway System [148]
William Phelps Eno traffic safety [149]
Jan van Eyck oil painting [150]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Philo Farnsworth television [151]
Pierre Fauchard modern dentistry [152]
Reginald Fessenden radiotelephony [153][154]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Hugo Gernsback science fiction magazine [155][156]
Robert H. Goddard astronautics [157]
Anthony Norris Groves faith missions [158]
Gary Gygax Dungeons & Dragons and role-playing games [159]
Heinz Guderian Blitzkrieg

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Albert Hofmann LSD [160]
Kurt Haertel European patent law [161] [162]
John Harrison the marine chronometer [163]
Joseph Haydn[164] the symphony and the string quartet [165][166][167]
Theodor Herzl Zionism [168]
Earl "Fatha" Hines modern jazz piano [169]
Homer Novel
Poetry/literature		 [170]
[4]
G. Evelyn Hutchinson modern limnology [171]
James Hutton modern geology [172]
Maulvi Abdul Haq Urdu [173]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Kees Immink Compact Disc [174]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
John Paul Jones United States Navy [175]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Kirk Kerkorian Megaresort
Søren Kierkegaard existentialism [176]
O. Raymond Knight Canadian rodeo [177]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Jack LaLanne fitness [178]
Ivy Lee public relations [179]
Vladimir Lenin the Soviet Union [180]
Justus von Liebig modern nutrition [181]
Carolus Linnaeus modern taxonomy [182]
Lucian of Samosata science fiction [183]
Martin Luther Protestantism (Lutheranism) [184]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Bernarr Macfadden physical culture [185]
James Madison the United States Constitution [186]
Harry Markowitz Modern portfolio theory [187]
Karl Marx Communism
Matthew Fontaine Maury modern naval oceanography and meteorology [188]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Robert Napier Clyde shipbuilding [189]
Thomas Nast the American political cartoon [190]
Necessity Invention
Nicéphore Niépce photography [191]
Florence Nightingale Nursing (modern) [192]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Francis Ohanyido African Neo-Renaissance [193]
Hermann Oberth astronautics [194]
Robert Oppenheimer the atomic bomb [195]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Frank Pantridge emergency medicine [196]
Lester B. Pearson UN peacekeeping [197]
Linus Pauling molecular biology [198]
Paracelsus toxicology [199]
Petrarch humanism [200][201]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Ma Rainey the blues [202]
David Ricardo communism [203]
Hyman G. Rickover the "atomic" submarine and "nuclear navy" [204] [205] [206]
Charles S. Roberts wargaming [207]
Jimmie Rodgers country music [208] [209] [210]
Benjamin Rush American Psychiatry [211]
Ernest Rutherford nuclear physics [212]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Andrei Sakharov the Soviet Union's hydrogen bomb [213]
Italo Santelli modern sabre fencing [214]
Erik Satie ambient music [215]
Thomas Say entomology in North America [216]
Moritz Schlick Logical positivism [217]
J. Marion Sims gynaecology [218] [219]
George C. Stoney public access television [220]
Hubertus Strughold space medicine [221]
Leó Szilárd the atomic bomb [222]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
William Henry Fox Talbot photography [223]
Edward Teller the hydrogen bomb [224]
LaMarcus Adna Thompson "gravity" (the rollercoaster) [225]
J. R. R. Tolkien modern fantasy literature [226]
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky cosmonautics [227]
Tsunekazu Ishihara Pokémon [228]
Mark Twain American literature [229]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Jules Verne science fiction [230][156]

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Alice Waters California cuisine [231]
Muddy Watersa Chicago blues / electric blues [232]
John B. Watson Behaviorism [233]
Thomas Wedgwood photography [234]
H.G. Wells science fiction [230][156]
H.G. Wells miniature wargaming [235]
John Wesley Methodism [236]
Frank Whittle the jet engine [237][238]
Mary Wollstonecraft feminism [239][240]
Norbert Wiener cybernetics [241][242]
Steve Wozniak the personal computer [243]
Wilhelm Wundt modern psychology [244]

a McKinley Morganfield

Name Father / Mother of ... Sources
Mike Yurosek the baby carrot [245]

  1. ^ "Cayley, Sir George." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Aug. 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9360092>.
  2. ^ Danielson, Dennis, "The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution", Walker & Company, 2006
  3. ^ Drews G (1999). "Ferdinand Cohn, a Founder of Modern Microbiology". ASM News 65 (8).
  4. ^ a b c d Strong, W.F. & Cook, John A. (July 2007), "Reviving the Dead Greek Guys", Global Media Journal, Indian Edition, ISSN: 1550-7521, <http://www.manipal.edu/gmj/issues/jul07/strong.php>
  5. ^ Ott, Bevan, J.; Boerio-Goates, Juliana (2001). Chemical Thermodynamics - Principles and Applications. ISBN 0-12-530990-2. 
  6. ^ John Warren (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair", Third World Quarterly, Volume 26, Issue 4 & 5, p. 815-830.
  7. ^ Dr. A. Zahoor (1997). JABIR IBN HAIYAN (Geber). University of Indonesia.
  8. ^ Paul Vallely. How Islamic inventors changed the world. The Independent.
  9. ^ a b c Kim, Mi Gyung (2003). Affinity , That Elusive Dream - A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution (Epilogue: A Tale of Three Fathers). ISBN 0-262-11273-6. 
  10. ^ Berzelius, Jöns (1779-1848) - Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
  11. ^ Jons Jacob - Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2 Aug 2007
  12. ^ Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80].
  13. ^ Christianson, Gale (1984). In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & his times. New York: Free Press.
  14. ^ Steven Pressman. Fifty Major Economists. (1999). Routledge. ISBN 0415134811 p.20
  15. ^ Josiah Willard Gibbs - Britannica, 1911
  16. ^ [1]
  17. ^ [http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Lifescience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/FatherGenetics/FatherGenetics/FatherGenetics.htm
  18. ^ Jack Repcheck: The Man Who Found Time: James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth's Antiquity. London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Simon & Schuster (2003).
  19. ^ Vallejo-Manzur F et al. (2003) "The resuscitation greats. Andreas Vesalius, the concept of an artificial airway." Resuscitation" 56:3-7
  20. ^ Mostafa Shehata, MD (2004), "The Father of Medicine: A Historical Reconsideration", J Med Ethics 12, p. 171-176 [176].
  21. ^ How Imhotep gave us medicine, The Daily Telegraph, 10/05/2007.
  22. ^ Jimmy Dunn, Imhotep, Doctor, Architect, High Priest, Scribe and Vizier to King Djoser.[2]
  23. ^ Hippocrates, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006. Microsoft Corporation.
  24. ^ Nirupama Laroia, M.D. and Deeksha Sharma (June 2006). "The Religious and Cultural Bases for Breastfeeding Practices Among the Hindus", Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 1 (2), p. 94-98.
  25. ^ Cas Lek Cesk (1980). "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture. Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037)", Becka J. 119 (1), p. 17-23.
  26. ^ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed., Prentice Hall.
  27. ^ Pasachoff, Naomi (2005). Ernest Rutherford: Father Of Nuclear Science (Great Minds of Science). ISBN 0-7660-2441-5. 
  28. ^ R. L. Verma (1969). Al-Hazen: father of modern optics.
  29. ^ David W. Tschanz, PhD (2003), "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).
  30. ^ a b A. Singh and D. Sarangi (2003). "We need to think and act", Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery.
  31. ^ a b H. W. Longfellow (2002). "History of Plastic Surgery in India", Journal of Postgraduate Medicine.
  32. ^ Wheeler, Lynde, Phelps (1951). Josiah Willard Gibbs - the History of a Great Mind. Ox Bow Press.
  33. ^ Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History. iUniverse, p. 155. ISBN 0595368778.
  34. ^ Bernard, Claude. An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, 1865. First English translation by Henry Copley Greene, published by Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1927; reprinted in 1949. The Dover Edition of 1957 is a reprint of the original translation with a new Foreword by I. Bernard Cohen of Harvard University.
  35. ^ Heilbron, J. L. The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science (Harvard, 2000)
  36. ^ [3]. URL accessed December 5, 2006.
  37. ^ Rosanna Gorini (2003). "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience. First Steps in the Science of Vision", International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Rome, Italy.
  38. ^ Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", Revista de neurología 34 (9), p. 877-892.
  39. ^ Pare, Ambroise." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Aug. 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058441>.
  40. ^ Hovey, Edmund Otis. The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1908.
  41. ^ Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-856552-6. 
  42. ^ Chung, King-Thom and Ferris, Deam Hunter (1996). Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851-1931): pioneer of general microbiology. AMS News 62, 539-543.
  43. ^ Solomon Gandz (1936), The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra, Osiris I, p. 263–277: "In a sense, Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers."
  44. ^ a b Serish Nanisetti, Father of algorithms and algebra, The Hindu, June 23, 2006.
  45. ^ Boyer, Carl B. (1991). "The Arabic Hegemony", A History of Mathematics, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 228. ISBN 0471543977. “Diophantus sometimes is called "the father of algebra," but this title more appropriately belongs to al-Khwarizmi. It is true that in two respects the work of al-Khwarizmi represented a retrogression from that of Diophantus. First, it is on a far more elementary level than that found in in the Diophantine problems and, second, the algebra of al-Khwarizmi is thoroughly rhetorical, with none of the syncopation found in the Greek Arithmetica or in Brahmagupta's work. Even numbers were written out in words rather than symbols! It is quite unlikely that al-Khwarizmi knew of the work of Diophantus, but he must have been familiar with at least the astronomical and computational portions of Brahmagupta; yet neither al-Khwarizmi nor other Arabic scholars made use of syncopation or of negative numbers.” 
  46. ^ Derbyshire, John (2006). "The Father of Algebra", Unknown Quantity: A Real And Imaginary History of Algebra. Joseph Henry Press, 31. ISBN 030909657X. “Diophantus, the father of algebra, in whose honor I have named this chapter, lived in Alexandria, in Roman Egypt, in either the 1st, the 2nd, or the 3rd century CE.” 
  47. ^ Gullberg, Jan (1997). Mathematics From The Birth Of Numbers. W. W. Norton
  48. ^ Bell, E.T. [1937] (1986). Men of Mathematics, Touchstone edition, New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 91–2.
  49. ^ George Gheverghese Joseph (2000). The Crest of the Peacock. Princeton University Press.
  50. ^ "Monge, Gaspard, comte de Peluse." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Aug. 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053349>.
  51. ^ Artmann, Benno (1999). Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics. New York: Springer.
  52. ^ Marvin Jay Greenberg, Euclidean and Non-Euclidean geometries: Development and history New York: W. H. Freeman, 1993.
  53. ^ O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Gérard Desargues". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
  54. ^ Stigler, Stephen M. (1990). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
  55. ^ O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
  56. ^ Boyer (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration", A History of Mathematics, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 162. ISBN 0471543977. “For some two and a half centuries, from Hippocrates to Eratosthenes, Greek mathematicians had studied relationships between lines and circles and had applied these in a variety of astronomical problems, but no systematic trigonometry had resulted. Then, presumably during the second half of the second century B.C., the first trigonometric table apparently was compiled by the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea (ca. 180-ca. 125 B.C.), who thus earned the right to be known as "the father of trigonometry." Aristarchus had known that in a given circle the ratio of arc to chord decreases from 180° to 0°, tending toward a limit of 1. However, it appears that not until Hipparchus undertook the task had anyone tabulated corresponding values of arc and chord for a whole series of angles.” 
  57. ^ Boyer's opinion may constructively be compared to Øystein Ore's opinion, that the Babylonians constructed trigonometric tables ca 1600 BCE (Ore (1988). "Diophantine Problems", Number Theory and its History. Dover Publications, Inc., 176-179. ISBN 0-486-65620-9. “The tablet, catalogued as Plimpton 322, is composed in Old Babylonian script so that it must fall in the period from 1900 B.C. and 1600 B.C., at least a millennium before the Pythagoreans. … It is evident, however, that at this early date the Babylonians not only had completely mastered the Pythagorean problem, but also had used it as the basis for the construction of trigonometric tables.” )
  58. ^ Wheeler, Lynde, Phelps (1951). Josiah Willard Gibbs - the History of a Great Mind. Ox Bow Press.
  59. ^ Michael J. Crowe (1994). A History of Vector Analysis : The Evolution of the Idea of a Vectorial System. Dover Publications; Reprint edition.
  60. ^ Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000, CD-ROM, version 2.5.
  61. ^ Kurland, Gerald. 91972). Thomas Edison, father of electricity and master inventor of our modern age, Charlotteville, N.Y.: SamHar Press.
  62. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Islamic Conception Of Intellectual Life", in Philip P. Wiener (ed.), Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Vol. 2, p. 65, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973-1974.
  63. ^ Chemistry Contexts. by Irwin, D; Farrelly, R; Garnett, P. Longman Sciences, (2001)
  64. ^ Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
  65. ^ Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8. 
  66. ^ [4]
  67. ^ 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June, 2004
  68. ^ The Modern History of Computing - Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  69. ^ Bruner, Jeffrey. Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91. Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. Retrieved on 2006-07-28.
  70. ^ Ada Lovelace
  71. ^ 1000 Years of Knowledge Rediscovered at Ibn Battuta Mall, MTE Studios.
  72. ^ Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register, Thursday 18th January
  73. ^ Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television. NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.
  74. ^ Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary). New York Times. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.
  75. ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
  76. ^ Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
  77. ^ Martin Levey (1973), Early Arabic Pharmacology, EJ Brill, Leiden.
    Dunlop, D.M. (1975), Arab Civilization, Librairie du Liban.
    (cf. Womens Arabian Perfume)
  78. ^ De Forest, Lee (1950). Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest. Chicago: Wilcox & Follett.  (This book sold fewer than a thousand copies and is accordingly rare and expensive today).
  79. ^ Dennis, Everette E..; Edward Pease (1994). Radio—The Forgotten Medium. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56593-873-9. , p. 198: "the egotistical Lee De Forest who discovered, however unwittingly, the audion tube that allowed him to proclaim himself 'the father of radio'"
  80. ^ Shurkin, Joseph (1996). Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from the Mainframes to Microprocessors. W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-31471-5. , p. 132: "De Forest, who was not a modest man, called himself the 'Father of Radio,' an epithet whose accuracy is debatable."
  81. ^ Guglielmo Marconi - the "father of radio"
  82. ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), p. 557-560.
  83. ^ Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, Mar 11, 2006.
  84. ^ http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html
  85. ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith, Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00962-3. , p.190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
  86. ^ Allen B. DuMont. Society of Television Engineers. URL accessed January 23, 2007.
  87. ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 28/01/2005, Telegraph.co.uk
  88. ^ http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2000/02/xtech/bosak.html
  89. ^ a b Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", RAIN 60, p. 9-10.
  90. ^ Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II, The Milli Gazette.
  91. ^ a b H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", Cooperation South Journal 1.
  92. ^ Grammar Development Process. Xambala: The Semantic Processing Company.
  93. ^ S. Ahmed (1999). A Dictionary of Muslim Names. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1850653569.
  94. ^ Cicero, De legibus I,5.
  95. ^ E. Garfield (2003). "The life and career of George Sarton: the father of the history of science", J Hist Behav Sci 21 (2), p. 107-117.
  96. ^ Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II, The Milli Gazette.
  97. ^ Prof. Gerard Huet, Contemporary Relevance of Panini, INRIA, France.
  98. ^ Mark Brasher, PhD. Different language / different epistemology?, TransPacific Hawaii College.
  99. ^ Expanding Microcredit in India: A Great Opportunity for Poverty Alleviation, Grameen Dialogue.
  100. ^ D. Billau, D. Graczyk (2003). "Hannibal: The Father of Strategy Reconsidered", Comparative Strategy 22 (4), p. 335-353. Routledge.
  101. ^ a b Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3).
  102. ^ [5]
  103. ^ Auguste Comte, Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Accessed October 5, 2006.
  104. ^ Country Music Hall of Fame article on Monroe.
  105. ^ the official Jimmie Rodgers website
  106. ^ Father of Country Music - Amazon.com (record)
  107. ^ Jimmie Rodgers: The Father of Country Music - Mississippi History Now
  108. ^ Johnson, Jeff. (2001). "Godfather of Funk still tears the roof off", Chicago Sun-Time, 01 July.
  109. ^ Neil Young: Godfather of Grunge?
  110. ^ Koster, Rick (2002). Louisiana Music: A Journey from R&B to Zydeco, Jazz to Country, Blues to Gospel, Cajun Music. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81003-4. , p. 5: "Anyone seriously interested in the history of music will hear many times that Buddy Bolden was the father of jazz, or that Jelly Roll Morton claimed he was the father of jazz (in 1902, in fact)..." See also Theodore August Metz, Jelly Roll Morton
  111. ^ Groppa, Carlos C. (2002). The Tango in the United States: A History. McFarland and Compay. ISBN 0-7864-1406-5. , p.62: "Morton, a pool shark, composer, piano player and part-time pimp, called by many the Father of Jazz...". See also Buddy Bolden, Theodore August Metz.
  112. ^ "Theatrical Notes," The New York Times, April 26, 1932, p.25: "Theodore August Metz, who is often called the father of jazz and is the composer of the song 'There'll Be A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight,' is scheduled to attend a reception backstage at Loew's State Theatre...'" See also Buddy Bolden, Jelly Roll Morton.
  113. ^ Godfather of Soul - website
  114. ^ "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,[6]. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
  115. ^ 'Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick, available at Project Gutenberg.: "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life."
  116. ^ "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
  117. ^ Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
  118. ^ http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm - vintagekarts.com
  119. ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. ISBN 0-89789-900-8.  p. 30}}: "The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their busses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism."
  120. ^ "Abildgaard, Nikolaj Abraham," entry in 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, online[7]: "ABILDGAARD, NIKOLAJ ABRAHAM (1744–1800), called 'the Father of Danish Painting,' ... a cold theorist... As a technical painter he attained remarkable success, his tone being very harmonious and even, but the effect, to a foreigner's eye, is rarely interesting. His works are scarcely known out of Copenhagen, where he won an immense fame in his own generation."
  121. ^ "Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology," Department of Cryptogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History. Link. 17 December 1999.
  122. ^ A Great Man of Finland's History, at "Agricola 2007 Anniversary" site (in Finnish) of University of Turku, Finland
  123. ^ Jordan, David Starr (1905). A Guide to the Study of Fishes. Henry Holt and Company. , online at [8], p.390: "Far greater than either of these... was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–35)."
  124. ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-0747-4. , p. 18, "Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year."
  125. ^ Masters, Anthony (1974). Bakunin, the Father of Anarchism. Saturday Review Press. ISBN 0-8415-0295-1. 
  126. ^ Mason, Terri: "Trail Blazers - Earl Bascom, Rodeo's Greatest Innovator", Canadian Cowboy Country, April 2006, p.24
  127. ^ Durand, V. Mark, Jim; David H Barlow (2005). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology. Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 0-495-03128-3. , p. 235: "In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years."
  128. ^ http://www.stxlacrosse.com/theculture/history.cfm
  129. ^ http://www.hickoksports.com/history/lacrosse.shtml
  130. ^ http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/history-lacrosse.htm
  131. ^ http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html
  132. ^ http://www.phantomranch.net/folkdanc/teachers/beliajus_v.htm
  133. ^ Chomsky, Noam; C. P. Otero (2004). Language and Politics. AK Press. ISBN 1-902593-82-0. , p. 344–5: "...an explicit ideology was constructed justifying what was called... 'the engineering of consent' (Edward Bernays, founding father of the public relations industry in the United States)"
  134. ^ James Hankins (ed.). History of the Florentine People, See "Editor Introduction".
  135. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm
  136. ^ Hall, James W. (1999). Handbook of Otoacoustic Emissions. Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 1-56593-873-9. , p. 2: the Father of Audiology himself, Raymond Carhart at Northwestern University..."
  137. ^ Hall, James W.; H. Gustav Mueller (1998). Audiologists Desk Reference: Audiolologic Management, Rehabilitation and Terminology. Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 1-56593-711-2. , p. 912: "Carhart notch: A decrease in the bone-conduction hearing at the 2000 Hz region of patients with otosclerosis first reported by and therefore named after the father of audiology, Raymond Carhart."
  138. ^ http://soe.stanford.edu/AR95-96/vint.html
  139. ^ http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/geoffrey-chaucer.htm
  140. ^ Clark, Neil (2003-07-14). Great thinkers of our time - Noam Chomsky. New Statesman. Retrieved on 2007-03-24. “Regarded as the father of modern linguistics, founder of the field of transformational-generative grammar, which relies heavily on logic and philosophy.”
  141. ^ Fox, Margalit (1998-12-05). A Changed Noam Chomsky Simplifies. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-24. “… Noam Chomsky, father of modern linguistics and the field's most influential practitioner; …”
  142. ^ Helpern, Charna [9]
  143. ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
  144. ^ http://www.npg.si.edu/docs/aapexplorers.pdf
  145. ^ http://www.iaea.org/Resources/Women/famous.html
  146. ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5.  p. 20, "Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre..."
  147. ^ Nichols, Amber M. Richard M. Dorson. Minnesota State University, Mankato eMuseum. URL accessed April 21, 2006.
  148. ^ Federal Highway Administration [10]. URL accessed July 21, 2006.
  149. ^ Eno Transportation Foundation [11]. URL accessed August 23, 2006.
  150. ^ [12]. "that van Eyck—"the father of oil painting"—exploited the new medium and his own patient talent to paint Arnolfini by traditional methods."
  151. ^ Godfrey, Donald G. (2001). Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television. University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-675-5. 
  152. ^ de Vaux, Jean Claude. The Pierre Fauchard Academy (English). Retrieved on 2006/7/22, 2006. Retrieved on July 22, 2006.
  153. ^ McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-187830-7.  "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[13]
  154. ^ Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17(1)40–47, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-3340-0.  p. 160
  155. ^ Siegel, Mark Richard (1988). Hugo Gernsback, Father of Modern Science Fiction: With Essays on Frank Herbert and Bram Stoker. Borgo Pr. ISBN 0-89370-174-2. 
  156. ^ a b c Magic Dragon Multimedia. Timeline of 19th Century Science Fiction.
  157. ^ [14]
  158. ^ Dann, Robert Bernard (2004). Father of Faith Missions: The Life and Times of Anthony Norris Groves. Paternoster, Authentic Media. ISBN 1-884543-90-1. 
  159. ^ Rausch, Allen (August 15, 2004). Gary Gygax Interview - Part I. GameSpy. Retrieved on 2005-01-03.
  160. ^ Hofmann, Albert. LSD—My Problem Child (McGraw-Hill, 1980). ISBN 0-07-029325-2.
  161. ^ (German) Munich's official internet site, Straßenneubenennung Kurt-Haertel-Passage. Consulted on June 19, 2007.
  162. ^ (German) Web site of the Kurt-Haertel-Institut für geistiges Eigentum an der FernUniversität in Hagen, Kurt Haertel. Consulted on June 19, 2007.
  163. ^ [15]
  164. ^ Also known as "Papa Haydn".
  165. ^ Larsen, Jens Peter; Georg Fede (1950). The New Grove Haydn. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-30359-4.  p.79: "For years, the name 'Papa Haydn' has characterized the composer."
  166. ^ Schonberg, Harold C. (1997). The Lives of the Great Composers by Schonberg, Harold C. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-03857-2.  p.83: "It is not for nothing that he is called the Father of the Symphony. With equal justice he could be called the Father of the String Quartet, or the Father of Sonata Form."
  167. ^ ''The Pianoforte Sonata: Its Origin and Development," by J. S. Shedlock, B. A." (1895; Methuen and Company, London), available at Project Gutenberg. "Haydn, for example, is called the father of the quartet; close investigation, however, would show that he was only a link, and certainly not the first one in a long evolution."
  168. ^ Binyamin Ze-ev (Theodor) Herzl - Father of Zionism
  169. ^ Pareles, Jon (1983): "Earl Hines Dead; Top Jazz Pianist—Redefined the Style in the 1920s Working with Armstrong—Later Led Major Band", The New York Times, April 23, 1983, p.10: "Earl (Fatha) Hines, the father of modern jazz piano, died yesterday in Oakland, Calif. after a heart attack."
  170. ^ Homer [700 B.C.] (1999). The Odyssey: The Story of Odysseus. Signet Classic. ISBN 0-451-52736-4.  p. 1, introduction says T. E. Lawrence and W. H. D. Rouse (the translator) "found him the father of the modern novel."
  171. ^ G. Evelyn Hutchinson a.k.a. Father of modern limnology and the modern Darwin (1903–1991)
  172. ^ University of Edinburgh: "James Hutton, who was born in June 1726, is considered to be the father of modern geology."
  173. ^ [16]: "(Baba-e-Urdu) Maulvi Abdul Haq"
  174. ^ [17]
  175. ^ Hoover Library, "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy -- John Paul Jones"
  176. ^ Bretall, Robert Ed. "A Kierkegaard Anthology". Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973. p. xviii.
  177. ^ Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902-1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pages 243 and 519.
  178. ^ Father of fitness, Jack La Lanne, turns 90, MSNBC, September 24, 2004. "He continues to live by his motto, 'I can't die, it would ruin my image!'"
  179. ^ Heath (ed)., Robert L. (2004). Handbook Of Public Relations. Sage Publications, Inc.. ISBN 1-4129-0954-6. , p. 391: "Ivy Lee, considered the father of public relations..."
  180. ^ Soviet Russia. The Corner of the World. Retrieved on 2007-03-03.
  181. ^ Black, Rebecca. The Support of Breastfeeding: Module 1. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0-7637-0208-0. , p.9: "Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food. It consisted of wheat flour, cow's milk, malt flour and bicarbonate of potash."
  182. ^ Mayr, Ernst (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought:Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-36445-7. , p. 171: "No other naturalist has had as great a fame in his own lifetime as Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), sometimes called the 'father of taxonomy.'"
  183. ^ Roberts, Adam (2006). The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-97022-5. , p. 27: "The classical author most consistently cited as a 'father of science fiction' is Lucian..."
  184. ^ Losch, Richard R. (2002). The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-0521-3. , p. 93: "Martin Luther (1483–1546) is generally identified as the father of Protestantism. While he was not the first to confront the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, it was he who crystallized the growing unrest and began what is known as the Protestant Reformation."
  185. ^ Oursler, Fulton; Will Oursler (1949). Father Flanagan of Boys Town. Doubleday. , p.270: "It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys."
  186. ^ See, e.g., Brant, Irving. James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787-1800. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1950.
  187. ^ Harry Markowitz, "the father of Modern Portfolio Theory," To Highlight Investment Consultants Conference
  188. ^ Lewis, Charles Lee, associate professor of the United States Naval Academy: Pathfinder of the Seas (book).
  189. ^ Biography of Robert Napier
  190. ^ The Thomas Nast Society
  191. ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5.  p. 17, "The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce...."
  192. ^ [18]
  193. ^ http://africavenir.com/news/2006/03/371/afrisecal-movement-2
  194. ^ [19]
  195. ^ http://history1900s.about.com/cs/robertoppenheimer/p/oppenheimer.htm
  196. ^ UK Daily Telegraph obituary 12/29/2004.
  197. ^ [20]
  198. ^ [21]
  199. ^ [22]
  200. ^ Petrarch
  201. ^ Rereading the Renaissance: Petrarch, Augustine, and the Language of Humanism
  202. ^ Lieb, Sandra R. (1983). Mother of the Blues. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-8050-7459-7. , p. 10, "Years later, as a Paramount recording star, Ma Rainey would be touted as 'the Mother of the Blues,' a title no doubt dreamed up by some press agent, but generally true in historical terms."
  203. ^ Karl Marx (1863): Theories of Surplus Value, Chapter 10:

    Carey (the passage to be looked up later) therefore denounces him as the father of communism.

    “Mr. Ricardo’s system is one of discords …its whole tends to the production of hostility among classes and nations… His hook is the true manual of the demagogue, who seeks power by means of agrarianism, war, and plunder.” (H. C. Carey, The Past, the Present, and the Future, Philadelphia, 1848, pp. 74-75.)

  204. ^ Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 0-8232-2110-5. , p.162: "'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'"
  205. ^ "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, December 6, 1957, p.33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
  206. ^ Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06675-8. , p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
  207. ^ "Charles S. Roberts: The Founding Father"
  208. ^ http://www.jimmierodgers.com/home.html
  209. ^ http://www.amazon.com/Father-Country-Music-Jimmie-Rodgers/dp/B000000X1C
  210. ^ http://teacherexchange.mde.k12.ms.us/MHNLP/jimmierodgerslp.htm
  211. ^ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/diseases/benjamin.html
  212. ^ Pasachoff, Naomi (2005). Ernest Rutherford: Father Of Nuclear Science (Great Minds of Science). ISBN 0-7660-2441-5. 
  213. ^ Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights. Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved on 2007-03-03.
  214. ^ Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler Dec. 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
  215. ^ [23]
  216. ^ Schuh (1995). {{{title}}}. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2066-0. , p. 11
  217. ^ Murzi, Mauro (2006). Philosophy of Logical Positivism. Page 26. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  218. ^ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/479892
  219. ^ http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/bibliogs/hws/hws070401.htm
  220. ^ http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/09/30/1411227
  221. ^ Lee, Martin A.; Bruce Shlain (1986). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3062-3. , p.6: "After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the 'father of space medicine'". See also Harry Armstrong.
  222. ^ Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p.5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hunganian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
  223. ^ Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1640-6. , p. 116: cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965".
  224. ^ "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, December 31, 1965, p.19. Story opens: "Albany, Dec. 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
  225. ^ Lindsay, David: "Terror Bound", American Heritage 49(5), September, 1998 [24] "Thompson was an unlikely candidate for the title show people bestowed on him: the father of gravity..."
  226. ^ Mitchell, Christopher. J. R. R. Tolkien: Father of Modern Fantasy Literature (Google Video). "Let There Be Light" series. University of California Television. Retrieved on 2006-07-20.
  227. ^ [25]
  228. ^ The Father of Pokemon. Daily Mirror. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.
  229. ^ William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature". Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd. 
  230. ^ a b Adam Charles Roberts (2000), "The History of Science Fiction": Page 48 in Science Fiction, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19204-8
  231. ^ "Food joins academic menu in Berkeley school district credits, not calories—Chez Panisse founder cooks up new 'core curriculum'", San Francisco Chronicle, 29th August 2004 [26] "But this is Alice Waters, food visionary. The mother of California cuisine..."
  232. ^ "McKinley Morganfield a/k/a “Muddy Waters” was the 'Father of Chicago Blues'", [27]
  233. ^ Wozniak, R. H. (1997). "Behaviorism," In Bringmann, W.G., Luck, H.E., Miller, R., & Early, C.E. (Eds.). A Pictorial History of Psychology. Chicago: Quintessence. "To later generations of psychologists... Watson would become known as the 'father of behaviorism'."
  234. ^ Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20667-4.  p. 30 "Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography."
  235. ^ The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview.
  236. ^ General Board of Discipleship of the United Methodist Church, A List of Books and Other Resources About John Wesley [28], "John Wesley, the Father of Methodism..."
  237. ^ [29]
  238. ^ [30]
  239. ^ Wozniak, Jone Johnson Lewis "Women's History Guide."
  240. ^ Cork Multitext Project, The History Department, University College Cork "Movements for Political & Social Reform, 1870–1914."
  241. ^ Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development.... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-262-73009-X. , p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, ..."
  242. ^ Wiener, Norbert [1948] (1965). Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 0-8247-2257-4.  (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
  243. ^ [31]
  244. ^ [32]
  245. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2004-08-11-baby-carrot_x.htm
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_known_as_the_father_or_mother_of_something"
Advanced Search
Included Web Search Engines


Safe Search

close

Top Matching Results

Occasionally Search.com will highlight specialized results that are based on the context of your query. Examples of specialized results include specific links to news, images, or video.

Top Matching Results may highlight information from other Search.com pages, content from the CNET Network of sites, or third party content. The listings are based purely on relevance. Search.com does not receive payment for listings in this section but our partners that provide this data may get paid for listing these products.

Sponsored Links

This section contains paid listings which have been purchased by companies that want to have their sites appear for specific search terms and related content. These listings are administered, sorted and maintained by a third party and are not endorsed by Search.com.

Search Results

Search.com sends your search query to several search engines at one time and integrates the results into one list which has been sorted by relevance using Search.com's proprietary algorithm. You can customize the list of search engines included in your metasearch from the preferences.

The search engines that are used in your metasearch may allow companies to pay to have their Web sites included within the results. To view the Paid Inclusion policy for a specific search engine, please visit their Web site. Search.com does not accept payment or share revenue with any search engine partner for listings in this section.