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Phosphofructokinase
Other names:	6-Phosphofructokinase, 6-Phosphofructo-1-kinase, Fructose-6-P 1-Kinase, Fructose-6-phosphate 1-Phosphotransferase
Genetic data
Gene type:	protein coding
Protein Structure/Function
Molecular Weight:	82,000 (Da)
Protein type:	Enzyme: Kinase
Functions:	converts fructose 6-phosphate + ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP
Other
Cell types:	ubiquitous
Pathway(s):	Citric acid cycle, Glycolysis
Database Links
EC number:	2.7.1.11

Bacterial Phosphofructokinase: 3rd glycolysis enzyme (smaller than in Eukaryots). In yellow=sugars; in red=ATP-ADP; starred=regulatory sites (PDB code=4pfk) (more details...)

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is the most important regulatory enzyme (EC 2.7.1.11) of glycolysis. It is an allosteric enzyme made of 4 subunits and controlled by several activators and inhibitors. PFK-1 catalyzes one of the important "committed" steps of glycolysis, the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP.

α-D-fructose 6-phosphate	Phosphofructokinase-1		α-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
	ATP	ADP
	Pi	H2O
	Fructose bisphosphatase

This step is subject to extensive regulation since it is not only irreversible, but also because the original substrate is forced to proceed down the glycolytic pathway after this step. This leads to a precise control of glucose and the other monosaccharides galactose and fructose going down the glycolysis pathway. Before this enzyme's reaction, glucose-6-phosphate can potentially travel down the pentose phosphate pathway, or be converted to glucose-1-phosphate and polymerized into the storage form Glycogen.

PFK1 is allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate (from the citric acid cycle) and its product. It is also inhibited by low pH to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen ions in muscle. The enzyme has two sites with different affinities for ATP which is both a substrate and an inhibitor.

PFK1 is allosterically activated by a high concentration of AMP, but the most potent activator is fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, which is also produced from fructose-6-phosphate by PFK2.

PFK is inhibited by glucagon through repression of synthesis.

The precise regulation of PFK 1 prevents glycolysis and gluconeogenesis from occurring simultaneously.

There are three phosphofructokinase genes in humans:

• PFKL - liver
• PFKM - muscle
• PFKP - platelet

• PFK2 (converts fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate through on site, or the opposite, on another site)
• PFP (reversibly interconverts fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate using inorganic pyrophosphate (rather than ATP)
• fructose bisphosphatase (hydrolyses fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate)

• MeSH Phosphofructokinase-1

v • d • e  Glycolysis Metabolic Pathway

Glucose Hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose 6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose bisphosphate aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+ + 2 NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+ 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate kinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate mutase 2-Phosphoglycerate Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase Pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase Acetyl-CoA ADP ATP H2O ADP ATP CoA + NAD+ NADH + H+ + CO2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ADP ATP H2O