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A plurality, relative majority or simple majority is the largest share of something, which may or may not be considered an absolute majority, i.e. it is the largest group/category, but is not necessarily a majority (more than half).

In United States usage, a simple majority does not include abstentions or absent members. It is more strict than a plurality vote, but less strict than an absolute majority vote.

The plurality voting system, also known as "First past the post", elects the candidate who is the stated first choice of the largest number of the voters who have cast a valid vote.

The meaning of "plurality" depends on how the elements are categorized. For instance, in a room with twelve people: three Germans; two Englishmen; two English-speaking Canadians; one Mexican, two Guatemalans; and two Americans:

• considered by national origin, the three Germans are the plurality;
• considered by continent the seven North Americans (Canadians, Mexicans, Guatemalans, and Americans) are a plurality;
• considered by primary national language, the six anglophones (Englishmen, Canadians, and Americans) are a plurality; and
• considered by both continent and language, the four English speaking North Americans(Canadians and Americans) are a plurality.

However, only the seven North Americans, when considered by continent, constitute a majority (more than 6). In the context of voting, this ambiguity can lead to coalitions of greater or lesser stability.

The smallest possible plurality is (v+1)/n, rounded up, where v is the number of members of the group (voters) and n is the number of categories (candidates). Thus in a 5-candidate plurality election, just over 20% of the vote can theoretically win.

In religion, the term plurality has been coined to refer to an alternative system of church government, wherein the local assembly's decisions are made by a republic of older men held in equal status, each typically called an elder, in contrast to the "singularity" of the bishop hierarchy system (of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches); or the pastor / president system (of Protestant churches).

The plurality system is commonly encouraged among Presbyterians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Church of Christ, Disciples of Christ, Plymouth Brethren, and some Apostolics.

Plurality is a slang term for presbyterian ecclesiastical polity. (See ecclesiastical polity.)