Polygonal number

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In mathematics, a polygonal number is a number that can be arranged as a regular polygon. Ancient mathematicians discovered that numbers could be arranged in certain ways when they were represented by pebbles or seeds; such numbers, which can be made from figures, are generally called figurate numbers.

The number 10, for example, can be arranged as a triangle (see triangular number):

*
**
***
****

But 10 cannot be arranged as a square. The number 9, on the other hand, can be (see square number):

***
***
***

Some numbers, like 36, can be arranged both as a square and as a triangle (see triangular square number):

******
******
******
******
******
******		 *
**
***
****
*****
******
*******
********

By convention, 1 is the first polygonal number for any number of sides. The rule for enlarging the polygon to the next size is to extend two adjacent arms by one point and to then add the required extra sides between those points. In the following diagrams, each extra layer is shown as in red.

Triangular numbers
1 3 6 10
* *
**		 *
**
***		 *
**
***
****
Square numbers
1 4 9 16
* **
**		 ***
***
***		 ****
****
****
****

Polygons with higher numbers of sides, such as pentagons and hexagons, can also be constructed according to this rule, although the dots will no longer form a regular lattice like above. For example, the first few hexagonal numbers are:

1 6 15 28
* **
* *
**		 ***
** *
* * *
** *
***		 ****
*** *
** * *
* * * *
** * *
*** *
****

If s is the number of sides in a polygon, the formula for the nth s-gonal number is {(s-2)n^2-(s-4)n}\over 2.

Name Formula n=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Triangular ½(1n² + 1n) 1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55 66 78 91
Square ½(2n² - 0n) 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169
Pentagonal ½(3n² - 1n) 1 5 12 22 35 51 70 92 117 145 176 210 247
Hexagonal ½(4n² - 2n) 1 6 15 28 45 66 91 120 153 190 231 276 325
Heptagonal ½(5n² - 3n) 1 7 18 34 55 81 112 148 189 235 286 342 403
Octagonal ½(6n² - 4n) 1 8 21 40 65 96 133 176 225 280 341 408 481
Nonagonal ½(7n² - 5n) 1 9 24 46 75 111 154 204 261 325 396 474 559
Decagonal ½(8n² - 6n) 1 10 27 52 85 126 175 232 297 370 451 540 637
Hendecagonal ½(9n² - 7n) 1 11 30 58 95 141 196 260 333 415 506 606 715
Dodecagonal ½(10n² - 8n) 1 12 33 64 105 156 217 288 369 460 561 672 793
Tridecagonal ½(11n² - 9n) 1 13 36 70 115 171 238 316 405 505 616 738 871
Tetradecagonal ½(12n² - 10n) 1 14 39 76 125 186 259 344 441 550 671 804 949
Pentadecagonal ½(13n² - 11n) 1 15 42 82 135 201 280 372 477 595 726 870 1027
Hexadecagonal ½(14n² - 12n) 1 16 45 88 145 216 301 400 513 640 781 936 1105
Heptadecagonal ½(15n² - 13n) 1 17 48 94 155 231 322 428 549 685 836 1002 1183
Octadecagonal ½(16n² - 14n) 1 18 51 100 165 246 343 456 585 730 891 1068 1261
Nonadecagonal ½(17n² - 15n) 1 19 54 106 175 261 364 484 621 775 946 1134 1339
Icosagonal ½(18n² - 16n) 1 20 57 112 185 276 385 512 657 820 1001 1200 1417
Icosihenagonal ½(19n² - 17n) 1 21 60 118 195 291 406 540 693 865 1056 1266 1495
Icosidigonal ½(20n² - 18n) 1 22 63 124 205 306 427 568 729 910 1111 1332 1573
Icositrigonal ½(21n² - 19n) 1 23 66 130 215 321 448 596 765 955 1166 1398 1651
Icositetragonal ½(22n² - 20n) 1 24 69 136 225 336 469 624 801 1000 1221 1464 1729
Icosipentagonal ½(23n² - 21n) 1 25 72 142 235 351 490 652 837 1045 1276 1530 1807
Icosihexagonal ½(24n² - 22n) 1 26 75 148 245 366 511 680 873 1090 1331 1596 1885
Icosiheptagonal ½(25n² - 23n) 1 27 78 154 255 381 532 708 909 1135 1386 1662 1963
Icosioctagonal ½(26n² - 24n) 1 28 81 160 265 396 553 736 945 1180 1441 1728 2041
Icosinonagonal ½(27n² - 25n) 1 29 84 166 275 411 574 764 981 1225 1496 1794 2119
Triacontagonal ½(28n² - 26n) 1 30 87 172 285 426 595 792 1017 1270 1551 1860 2197

The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences eschews terms using Greek prefixes (e.g., "octagonal") in favor of terms using numerals (i.e., "8-gonal").

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../p/o/l/Polygonal_number.html"
Advanced Search
Included Web Search Engines


Safe Search

close

Top Matching Results

Occasionally Search.com will highlight specialized results that are based on the context of your query. Examples of specialized results include specific links to news, images, or video.

Top Matching Results may highlight information from other Search.com pages, content from the CNET Network of sites, or third party content. The listings are based purely on relevance. Search.com does not receive payment for listings in this section but our partners that provide this data may get paid for listing these products.

Sponsored Links

This section contains paid listings which have been purchased by companies that want to have their sites appear for specific search terms and related content. These listings are administered, sorted and maintained by a third party and are not endorsed by Search.com.

Search Results

Search.com sends your search query to several search engines at one time and integrates the results into one list which has been sorted by relevance using Search.com's proprietary algorithm. You can customize the list of search engines included in your metasearch from the preferences.

The search engines that are used in your metasearch may allow companies to pay to have their Web sites included within the results. To view the Paid Inclusion policy for a specific search engine, please visit their Web site. Search.com does not accept payment or share revenue with any search engine partner for listings in this section.