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Portugal

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Flag of the President of Portugal

Portugal has been a republic since 1910, the head of state being the President, whose official title is President of the Portuguese Republic (Presidente da República Portuguesa, pron. IPA: [pɾɨzi'dẽtɨ dɐ ʁɛ'publikɐ])

Under the Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 in the wake of the Carnation Revolution of 1974, the President is elected for a five-year term, and may serve for a maximum of two consecutive terms. The official residence of the President of Portugal is Belém Palace.

The President theoretically has wide powers, but most of these are rarely used, following the precedent sent by President António Ramalho Eanes (1976-1986) and upheld by his successors, Mário Soares and Jorge Sampaio.

The President has however the discretionary power to dissolve Parliament when he sees fit (called the bomba atómica, "atom bomb" by political analysts). President Sampaio unusually used this power in late 2004 to remove the controversial government of Pedro Santana Lopes, despite the absolute majority of MPs supporting the government.

The President is elected, as in France, on a two-round system (if no candidate achieves 50% of the votes on the first round, the two most voted candidates face each other in a second round held three weeks later). However, only once, in 1986, was a second round necessary. To date, all presidents since the Revolution served the two consecutive terms constitutionally allowed (a president who serves two terms can't be reelected before two presidential elections ellapse), and presidents consistently rank as the most popular political figure in the country.

In case the president dies or becomes incapacitated in office, the speaker of Parliament assumes office with restricted powers until a new president can be inaugurated following fresh elections.

Prior to the Carnation Revolution, the powers of the presidency varied widely; some were virtual dictators (such as Pais and Carmona in his early years), while others were little more than figureheads (such as Carmona in his later years, Craveiro Lopes, and Américo Thomaz; in their time, the supreme power was the Prime Minister, António de Oliveira Salazar).

Main article: Portuguese presidential election, 2006

• List of Presidents of Portugal